cognition Flashcards
explain paivio’s dual coding theory
both verbal association and vidual images are used to process and store information
word “dad” can recall info
picture of “dad” recalls same information
what are the four key componenets of the information processing model?
- thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of sitmuli
- stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision making
- decisions made in one situation can be ectrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems
- problem solving is dependent on the context and complexity of the problem
____________ is the development of ones ability to think and solve problems across the life span
cognitive development
what are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
*PIAGET = piglet
*Small Pigs Can Fly
___________ learn through instrinctual interaction with the environment
infants
explain what a schema is
cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
could be a concept (what is a dog), a behavior (what do you do when somone says your name), or a sequence of events (what do you normally do in a sit down restaurant)
new information is processed via ____________
adaptation
____________ is the process of classifying new information into existing schemata
assimilation
________________ is the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information
accommodation
the sensorimotor stage starts at ____________ lasting until about ________
birth to 2 years
what does a child learn in the sensorimotor stage?
manipulate the environment in order to meet physical needs and learns to coordinate sensory input with motor actions
to explore their surroundings, infants in the sensorimotor stage begin to exhibit what two types of behavior patterns?
- primary circular reactions
- secondary circular reactions
circular reactions = repetitive nature
_____________ circular reactions are repetitions of body movements that originally occured by chance
primary
*sucking the thumb
why are primary circular reactions repeated?
soothing
__________ circular reactions occur when manipulation is focused on something outside the body
secondary
*throwing toys from a high chair
why are secondary circular reactions repeated?
child gets a response from the environment
what is the key milestone that ends the sensorimotor stage?
development of object permeance = understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
object permeance marks the beginning of representational thought in which the child has begun to create mental representations of external objects and events
the preoperational stages lasts from ________ to ______
2 to 7 years
preoperational stage is characterized by ___________ and ____________
symbolic thinking = ability to play pretend, have an imagination
egocentrism = inability to image what another person may think or feel
the preoperation stage includes the inability to grasp _____________ or the understanding that the physical amount remains the same even if there is a change in shape or appearance
conservation
*one big slice of pizza vs two smaller slices of pizza = same amount, but the child will focus on the number of slices
____________ is the tendency to focus on onl one aspect of a phenomenon while ignoring other important elements
centration
the concrete operational stage lasts from ________ to __________
7 to 11 years
in the __________ stage, children understand conservation and consider the perspectives of others
concrete operational
conservation : one big slice of pizza vs two smaller slices of pizza = same amount
loss of egocentrism
T / F - children in the concrete operational stage have the ability to think abstractly
false
the formal operational stage starts around ________ years of age
11
___________ stage is marked by the ability to think logically about abstract ideas
formal operational
*ability to reason about abstract concepts and problem solve
what is the key milestone of the formal operational stage?
hypothetical thinking = ability to mentally manipulate variables in a number of ways
______________ proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is the childs internalization of culture (inclsuing interpersonal and societal rules, symbols, and language)
lev vygotsky
- VY (why) do children cognitively develop?
T / F - reaction time increases in early adulthood, while time based prospective memory declines with age
true
time based prospective memory = ability to remember to perform a task at a specific time in the future
____________ consists of solving new or novel problems, possibly using creative methods
fluid intelligence
*navigating through a new video game world
____________ is more related to solving problems using acquire knowledge and often can be procedural
crystallized intelligence
*working through a chemistry stoichiometry problem
how is fluid intelligence / crystallized intelligence affected by aging?
fluid = peak in early adulthood and decline with age
crystallized = peak in middle adulthood and remain stable with age
