cognition

Question 1

explain paivio’s dual coding theory

Answer 1

both verbal association and vidual images are used to process and store information

word “dad” can recall info
picture of “dad” recalls same information

Question 2

what are the four key componenets of the information processing model?

Answer 2

1. thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of sitmuli
2. stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision making
3. decisions made in one situation can be ectrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems
4. problem solving is dependent on the context and complexity of the problem

Question 3

____________ is the development of ones ability to think and solve problems across the life span

Answer 3

cognitive development

Question 4

what are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 4

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational

*PIAGET = piglet
*Small Pigs Can Fly

Question 5

___________ learn through instrinctual interaction with the environment

Answer 5

infants

Question 6

explain what a schema is

Answer 6

cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information

could be a concept (what is a dog), a behavior (what do you do when somone says your name), or a sequence of events (what do you normally do in a sit down restaurant)

Question 7

new information is processed via ____________

Answer 7

adaptation

Question 8

____________ is the process of classifying new information into existing schemata

Answer 8

assimilation

Question 9

________________ is the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information

Answer 9

accommodation

Question 10

the sensorimotor stage starts at ____________ lasting until about ________

Answer 10

birth to 2 years

Question 11

what does a child learn in the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 11

manipulate the environment in order to meet physical needs and learns to coordinate sensory input with motor actions

Question 12

to explore their surroundings, infants in the sensorimotor stage begin to exhibit what two types of behavior patterns?

Answer 12

1. primary circular reactions
2. secondary circular reactions

circular reactions = repetitive nature

Question 13

_____________ circular reactions are repetitions of body movements that originally occured by chance

Answer 13

primary

*sucking the thumb

Question 14

why are primary circular reactions repeated?

Answer 14

soothing

Question 15

__________ circular reactions occur when manipulation is focused on something outside the body

Answer 15

secondary

*throwing toys from a high chair

Question 16

why are secondary circular reactions repeated?

Answer 16

child gets a response from the environment

Question 17

what is the key milestone that ends the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 17

development of object permeance = understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

object permeance marks the beginning of representational thought in which the child has begun to create mental representations of external objects and events

Question 18

the preoperational stages lasts from ________ to ______

Answer 18

2 to 7 years

Question 19

preoperational stage is characterized by ___________ and ____________

Answer 19

symbolic thinking = ability to play pretend, have an imagination

egocentrism = inability to image what another person may think or feel

Question 20

the preoperation stage includes the inability to grasp _____________ or the understanding that the physical amount remains the same even if there is a change in shape or appearance

Answer 20

conservation

*one big slice of pizza vs two smaller slices of pizza = same amount, but the child will focus on the number of slices

Question 21

____________ is the tendency to focus on onl one aspect of a phenomenon while ignoring other important elements

Answer 21

centration

Question 22

the concrete operational stage lasts from ________ to __________

Answer 22

7 to 11 years

Question 23

in the __________ stage, children understand conservation and consider the perspectives of others

Answer 23

concrete operational

conservation : one big slice of pizza vs two smaller slices of pizza = same amount

loss of egocentrism

Question 24

T / F - children in the concrete operational stage have the ability to think abstractly

Answer 24

false

Question 25

the formal operational stage starts around ________ years of age

Answer 25

11

Question 26

___________ stage is marked by the ability to think logically about abstract ideas

Answer 26

formal operational

*ability to reason about abstract concepts and problem solve

Question 27

what is the key milestone of the formal operational stage?

Answer 27

hypothetical thinking = ability to mentally manipulate variables in a number of ways

Question 28

______________ proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is the childs internalization of culture (inclsuing interpersonal and societal rules, symbols, and language)

Answer 28

lev vygotsky

• VY (why) do children cognitively develop?

Question 29

T / F - reaction time increases in early adulthood, while time based prospective memory declines with age

Answer 29

true

time based prospective memory = ability to remember to perform a task at a specific time in the future

Question 30

____________ consists of solving new or novel problems, possibly using creative methods

Answer 30

fluid intelligence

*navigating through a new video game world

Question 31

____________ is more related to solving problems using acquire knowledge and often can be procedural

Answer 31

crystallized intelligence

*working through a chemistry stoichiometry problem

Question 32

how is fluid intelligence / crystallized intelligence affected by aging?

Answer 32

fluid = peak in early adulthood and decline with age

crystallized = peak in middle adulthood and remain stable with age