organization of the human nervous system Flashcards
___________ neurons trasmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
afferent (approaches) / sensory
____________ neurons transmit motor information from the brain and spinal corde to muscles and glands
efferent (exits) / motor
______________ are found between other neurons and are the most numerous of the three types of neurons
interneurons
where are interneurons most commonly found?
brain
spinal cord
what makes up the CNS?
brain
spinal cord
what makes up the PNS?
nerve tissues / fibers outside the brain and spinal cord
spinal nerves
cranial nerves
what are the subdivisions of the PNS?
- somatic (voluntary)
- autonomic (involuntary)
sensory neurons transmit information toward the CNS through __________ fibers, motor impulses travel from the CNS back to the body along ____________ fibers
sensory = afferent
motor = efferent
what does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
heart rate
respiration
digestion
glandular secretions
body temp
two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
- parasympathetic
- sympathetic
______________ nervous system is to conserve energy
parasympathetic
how does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate, digestion, exocrine secretions?
*rest and digest
slows heart rate
increases peristalsis
increases exocrine secretions
_______________ is the neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic nervous responses in the body
acetylcholine
*get in LINE to rest and digest
______________ nervous system is activated by stress
sympathetic
how does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate, blood glucose, bronchi, digestion, eyes, epinephrine?
*fight or flight
increases heart rate
raises blood glucose
relaxes bronchi
decreases peristalsis
dilates eyes
releases epinephrine
what are the three layers of the meniges?
dura mater (outermost)
arachnoid mater
pia mater (innermost)
*brain needs PADding from injury
what are the three basic divisions of the human brain?
hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain
__________ and _____________ together formed the brainstem
hindbrain
midbrain
____________ developed later including the limbic system
forebrain
what are emotions related to the limbic system?
limbic system = emotions and memory
agression
fear
pleasure
pain
_____________ is the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
what are the main components of the forebrain?
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system
thalamus
hypothalamus
*Can Boys Lick Their Head?
FOREskin
what are the main components of the midbrain?
inferior colliculi
superior colliculi
*Cullen is MID
what are the main components of the hindbrain?
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
reticular formation
pons
*Can My Reindeer Poop?
HIND = female deer
what does the cerebral cortex control?
complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
what does the basal ganglia control?
movement
*gangs have moves
what does the limbic system control?
emotion and memory
*my emotions are in constant limbo
what does the thalamus control?
sensory relay
*imagine thanos in a relay
what does the hypothalamus control?
hunger, thirst
emotion
*hungry, hungry hippos
what does the inferior / superior colliculi control?
sensorimotor reflexes
what does the cerebellum control?
refined motor movements
*cow bell rings = moves your hand
what does the medulla oblongata control?
heart
vital reflexes (vomiting, coughing)
*GOTTA happen
what does the reticular formation control?
arousal and alertness
*ticks make me alert
what does the pons control?
breathing
brain communication
*if you’re in a pod, you need to breathe
the _______brain controls balance, motor coordination, breathering, digestion, general arousal, and vital functions
hindbrain
____________ is the prenatal hindbrain
rhombencephalon
during embryonic development, the rhombencephalon divides into the ___________ and ______________
myelencephalon
metencephalon
the ______________ from the rhombencephalon develops into the medulla oblongata
myelencephalon
*Y in a LONG ways into the alphabet
the ______________ from the rhombencephalon develops into the pons and cerebellum
metencephalon
what symptoms may result from damage to the cerebellum?
cerebellum = refined motor movements
clumsiness
slurred speech
loss of balance
the ________brain receives sensory and motor infromation from the rest of the body
Midbrain
the (inferior / superior) colliculi of the midbrain receives visual sensory input
superior
*sight is superior
the (inferior / superior) colliculi of the midbrain receives auditory sensory input
inferior
____________ is the prenatal midbrain
mesencephalon
___________brain is associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
forebrain
the ________brain has the greatest influence on human behavior
forebrain
____________ is the prenatal forebrain
prosencephalon
during prenatal development, the prosencephalon is divided to form ___________ and __________
telencephalon
diencephalon
the ____________ from the prosencephalon develops into the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system
telencephalon
the ____________ from the prosencephalon develops into the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and the pineal gland
diencephalon
what do electroencephalograms record?
broad patterns of electrical activity
_______________ detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to regions of the brain that are engaged in cognitive function
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
______________ is when multiple x rays are take at different angles and processed by a computer to produce cross sectional images of the tissue
CAT scan
___________ is when a radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body and its dipersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged
PET scan
___________ is when a magnetic field that interacts with H+ atoms is used to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body
MRI
_____________ specifically measures changes associated with flood flow, it is useful for monitoring neural activity
fMRI
