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MCAT - behavioral sciences > motivation > Flashcards

motivation Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

_____________ motivation can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved

A

extrinsic

*studying for the MCAT = high score

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2
Q

T /F - competition is a storng form of external motivation

A

true

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3
Q

_____________ motivation comes from within oneself and can be driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment

A

intrinsic

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4
Q

explain instinct theory of motivation

A

describe motivation that is derived from darwins theory of evolution

certain behaviors are based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

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5
Q

explain the arousal theory

A

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

seeking aorusal when it falls below their optimal level and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimal level

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6
Q

what are examples of primary drives?

A

food
water
warmth

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6
Q

____________ law postulates that a U shaped function between the level of arousal and performance (performace is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level)

A

Yerkes-Dobson law

*yorkies have an optimal level of cuteness (U shaped function of cuteness)

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7
Q

____________ are additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes

A

secondary drives

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8
Q

explain the drive reduction theory

A

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

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9
Q

give examples of primary and secondary needs

A

primary:
food
water
shelter

secondary:
power
achievement
social belonging

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10
Q

explain maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  1. physiological needs (food, water, sleep)
  2. safety (resources, health, property)
  3. love / belonging (friendship, family)
  4. esteem (confidence, respect)
  5. self actualization (creativity, problem solving)
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11
Q

the self determination theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs, what are they?

A
  1. autonomy = need to be in control of ones actions and ideas
  2. competence = the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
  3. relatedness = need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships
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12
Q

___________ theory explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal but by the desire to pursue reward and to avoid punishment

A

incentive

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13
Q

____________ theory states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he/she values succeeding at the goal

A

expectancy-value

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14
Q

a theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use is the ____________

A

opponent-process theory

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15
Q

what is the opponent process theory?

A

when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology

the withdrawal created by this mechanism can create a physical dependence on the drug

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16
Q

what are the three elements of emotion?

A
  1. physiological
  2. behavioral
  3. cognitive
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17
Q

_____________ component of emotion includes changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressyre

A

physiological

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18
Q

_____________ component of emotion includes facial expressions and body language

A

behavioral

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19
Q

_____________ component of emotion includes the subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced

A

cognitive

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20
Q

what are the 7 universal emotions?

A
  1. happiness
  2. sadness
  3. anger
  4. disgust
  5. contempt
  6. surprise
  7. fear
21
Q

__________ states that everything we do, think, and fell is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we encounter

A

evolutional perspective

22
Q

___________ is considered a primal instinct and were among the earliest to develop

A

fear

23
Q

explain the james-lange theory

A

stimulus results in a physiological arousal which leads tp a secpmdaru response in which the emotion is labeled

*JAMES get hit by a bus, his skin gets hot = he is angry

24
Q

explain the cannon-bard theory

A

conscious experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously and then the behavior componnt of emotion

*i see a CANNON, so i feel afraid and my heart is racing … get me out of here!

25
Q

explain the schachter-singer theory of emotion

A

two factors (physiological arousal and a cognitive label) are needed to experience emotion

to feel an emotion the mind must also identify the environment stimulus causing that physiological arousal

*I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is excited

26
Q

theory: james-lange

first response:

second response:

A

theory: james-lange

first response: nervous system arousal
*skin gets hot, blood pressure rises

second response: conscious emotion
*i am angry

27
Q

theory: cannon-bard

first response:

second response:

A

theory: cannon-bard

first response: nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
*my heart is racing and i feel afraid

second response: action
*get me out of here

28
Q

theory: schachter-singer

first response:

second response:

A

theory: schachter-singer

first response: nervous system arousal and congitive appraisal
*my heart is racing and i am excited

second response: conscious emotion
*everyone else is happy

29
Q

what structures make up the limbic system?

A

amygdala
thalamus
hypothalamus
hippocampus
fornix
septal neuclei
cerebral cortec

30
Q

___________ processes the environment, detects external cues, and learns from the persons surroundings in order to produce emotion

A

amygdala

31
Q

the amygdala is often associated with _________ and plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of ___________

A

fear
facial expressions

32
Q

_________ fucntions as a preliminary sensory processing station

A

thalamus

33
Q

______________ synthesizes and releases neurotransmitters

A

hypothalamus

34
Q

T / F - the thalamus largely dictates emotional states

A

false, hypothalamus

35
Q

where is the hippocampus located?

A

temporal lobe

*rub your temple to focus on memories

36
Q

the hippocampus is primarily involved in making ___________

A

long term memories

37
Q

(explicit / implicit) memory is the memory of experiencing the actual emotion

A

explicit

38
Q

(explicit / implicit) memory is the storage of the actual feelings of emotions associated with an event

A

implicit

39
Q

T / F - the ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions is primarily controlled by the occipital lobe

A

false, temporal lobe

40
Q

the __________ hemisphere is more active when discerning facial expressions

A

right

41
Q

(left / right) prefrontal cortex is associated with positive emotions

(left / right) prefrontal cortex is associated with negative emotions

A

left = positive
*i am positive i swing a bat left handed

right = negative

42
Q

____________ cortex is associated when attention and cognition

A

dorsal prefrontal cortex

*dorsal fins get a lot of attention

43
Q

_________ cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

A

ventral prefrontal cortex

44
Q

T / F - the ventromedial predrontal cortex is thought to play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

A

true

45
Q

(diastolic / systolic) blood pressure is increased to the greatest degree by anger

A

diastolic

46
Q

what is primary appraisal?

A

initial evaluation of the environment and the associaited threat

  1. irrelevant
  2. benign positive
  3. stressful
47
Q

what is secondary appraisal?

A

directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress

  1. harm or damage caused by the threat
  2. threat, potential for future damage caused by the event
  3. potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event
48
Q

what is the difference between distress and eustress?

A

distress = stressor is unpleasant (threat)

eustress = stressor is beneficial (challenge)

49
Q

explain the difference:

approach-approach
approach-avoidance
avoidance-avoidance

A

approach-approach: need to choose between two desirable options

approach-avoidance: deal with only one choice, but the outcome could have both positive and negative effects

avoidance-avoidance: choices between two negative options

50
Q

explain the three distinct stages of the general adaptation syndrome

A
  1. alarm = initial reaction to stressor
  2. resistance = continuous release od hormones to remain engaged to fight the stressor
  3. exhaustion = body can no longer maintain an elevated response
51
Q
A

MCAT - behavioral sciences (38 decks)

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