motivation Flashcards
_____________ motivation can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved
extrinsic
*studying for the MCAT = high score
T /F - competition is a storng form of external motivation
true
_____________ motivation comes from within oneself and can be driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment
intrinsic
explain instinct theory of motivation
describe motivation that is derived from darwins theory of evolution
certain behaviors are based on evolutionarily programmed instincts
explain the arousal theory
people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
seeking aorusal when it falls below their optimal level and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimal level
what are examples of primary drives?
food
water
warmth
____________ law postulates that a U shaped function between the level of arousal and performance (performace is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level)
Yerkes-Dobson law
*yorkies have an optimal level of cuteness (U shaped function of cuteness)
____________ are additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes
secondary drives
explain the drive reduction theory
motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
give examples of primary and secondary needs
primary:
food
water
shelter
secondary:
power
achievement
social belonging
explain maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs (food, water, sleep)
- safety (resources, health, property)
- love / belonging (friendship, family)
- esteem (confidence, respect)
- self actualization (creativity, problem solving)
the self determination theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs, what are they?
- autonomy = need to be in control of ones actions and ideas
- competence = the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
- relatedness = need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships
___________ theory explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal but by the desire to pursue reward and to avoid punishment
incentive
____________ theory states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he/she values succeeding at the goal
expectancy-value
a theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use is the ____________
opponent-process theory
what is the opponent process theory?
when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology
the withdrawal created by this mechanism can create a physical dependence on the drug
what are the three elements of emotion?
- physiological
- behavioral
- cognitive
_____________ component of emotion includes changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressyre
physiological
_____________ component of emotion includes facial expressions and body language
behavioral
_____________ component of emotion includes the subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced
cognitive
what are the 7 universal emotions?
- happiness
- sadness
- anger
- disgust
- contempt
- surprise
- fear
__________ states that everything we do, think, and fell is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we encounter
evolutional perspective
___________ is considered a primal instinct and were among the earliest to develop
fear
explain the james-lange theory
stimulus results in a physiological arousal which leads tp a secpmdaru response in which the emotion is labeled
*JAMES get hit by a bus, his skin gets hot = he is angry
explain the cannon-bard theory
conscious experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously and then the behavior componnt of emotion
*i see a CANNON, so i feel afraid and my heart is racing … get me out of here!
explain the schachter-singer theory of emotion
two factors (physiological arousal and a cognitive label) are needed to experience emotion
to feel an emotion the mind must also identify the environment stimulus causing that physiological arousal
*I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is excited
theory: james-lange
first response:
second response:
theory: james-lange
first response: nervous system arousal
*skin gets hot, blood pressure rises
second response: conscious emotion
*i am angry
theory: cannon-bard
first response:
second response:
theory: cannon-bard
first response: nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
*my heart is racing and i feel afraid
second response: action
*get me out of here
theory: schachter-singer
first response:
second response:
theory: schachter-singer
first response: nervous system arousal and congitive appraisal
*my heart is racing and i am excited
second response: conscious emotion
*everyone else is happy
what structures make up the limbic system?
amygdala
thalamus
hypothalamus
hippocampus
fornix
septal neuclei
cerebral cortec
___________ processes the environment, detects external cues, and learns from the persons surroundings in order to produce emotion
amygdala
the amygdala is often associated with _________ and plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of ___________
fear
facial expressions
_________ fucntions as a preliminary sensory processing station
thalamus
______________ synthesizes and releases neurotransmitters
hypothalamus
T / F - the thalamus largely dictates emotional states
false, hypothalamus
where is the hippocampus located?
temporal lobe
*rub your temple to focus on memories
the hippocampus is primarily involved in making ___________
long term memories
(explicit / implicit) memory is the memory of experiencing the actual emotion
explicit
(explicit / implicit) memory is the storage of the actual feelings of emotions associated with an event
implicit
T / F - the ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions is primarily controlled by the occipital lobe
false, temporal lobe
the __________ hemisphere is more active when discerning facial expressions
right
(left / right) prefrontal cortex is associated with positive emotions
(left / right) prefrontal cortex is associated with negative emotions
left = positive
*i am positive i swing a bat left handed
right = negative
____________ cortex is associated when attention and cognition
dorsal prefrontal cortex
*dorsal fins get a lot of attention
_________ cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion
ventral prefrontal cortex
T / F - the ventromedial predrontal cortex is thought to play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala
true
(diastolic / systolic) blood pressure is increased to the greatest degree by anger
diastolic
what is primary appraisal?
initial evaluation of the environment and the associaited threat
- irrelevant
- benign positive
- stressful
what is secondary appraisal?
directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress
- harm or damage caused by the threat
- threat, potential for future damage caused by the event
- potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event
what is the difference between distress and eustress?
distress = stressor is unpleasant (threat)
eustress = stressor is beneficial (challenge)
explain the difference:
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
avoidance-avoidance
approach-approach: need to choose between two desirable options
approach-avoidance: deal with only one choice, but the outcome could have both positive and negative effects
avoidance-avoidance: choices between two negative options
explain the three distinct stages of the general adaptation syndrome
- alarm = initial reaction to stressor
- resistance = continuous release od hormones to remain engaged to fight the stressor
- exhaustion = body can no longer maintain an elevated response
