motivation

Question 1

_____________ motivation can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved

Answer 1

extrinsic

*studying for the MCAT = high score

Question 2

T /F - competition is a storng form of external motivation

Answer 2

true

Question 3

_____________ motivation comes from within oneself and can be driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment

Answer 3

intrinsic

Question 4

explain instinct theory of motivation

Answer 4

describe motivation that is derived from darwins theory of evolution

certain behaviors are based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 5

explain the arousal theory

Answer 5

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

seeking aorusal when it falls below their optimal level and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimal level

Question 6

what are examples of primary drives?

Answer 6

food
water
warmth

Question 6

____________ law postulates that a U shaped function between the level of arousal and performance (performace is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level)

Answer 6

Yerkes-Dobson law

*yorkies have an optimal level of cuteness (U shaped function of cuteness)

Question 7

____________ are additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes

Answer 7

secondary drives

Question 8

explain the drive reduction theory

Answer 8

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Question 9

give examples of primary and secondary needs

Answer 9

primary:
food
water
shelter

secondary:
power
achievement
social belonging

Question 10

explain maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

1. physiological needs (food, water, sleep)
2. safety (resources, health, property)
3. love / belonging (friendship, family)
4. esteem (confidence, respect)
5. self actualization (creativity, problem solving)

Question 11

the self determination theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs, what are they?

Answer 11

1. autonomy = need to be in control of ones actions and ideas
2. competence = the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
3. relatedness = need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

Question 12

___________ theory explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal but by the desire to pursue reward and to avoid punishment

Answer 12

incentive

Question 13

____________ theory states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he/she values succeeding at the goal

Answer 13

expectancy-value

Question 14

a theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use is the ____________

Answer 14

opponent-process theory

Question 15

what is the opponent process theory?

Answer 15

when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology

the withdrawal created by this mechanism can create a physical dependence on the drug

Question 16

what are the three elements of emotion?

Answer 16

1. physiological
2. behavioral
3. cognitive

Question 17

_____________ component of emotion includes changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressyre

Answer 17

physiological

Question 18

_____________ component of emotion includes facial expressions and body language

Answer 18

behavioral

Question 19

_____________ component of emotion includes the subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced

Answer 19

cognitive

Question 20

what are the 7 universal emotions?

Answer 20

1. happiness
2. sadness
3. anger
4. disgust
5. contempt
6. surprise
7. fear

Question 21

__________ states that everything we do, think, and fell is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we encounter

Answer 21

evolutional perspective

Question 22

___________ is considered a primal instinct and were among the earliest to develop

Answer 22

fear

Question 23

explain the james-lange theory

Answer 23

stimulus results in a physiological arousal which leads tp a secpmdaru response in which the emotion is labeled

*JAMES get hit by a bus, his skin gets hot = he is angry

Question 24

explain the cannon-bard theory

Answer 24

conscious experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously and then the behavior componnt of emotion *i see a CANNON, so i feel afraid and my heart is racing ... get me out of here!

Question 25

explain the schachter-singer theory of emotion

Answer 25

two factors (physiological arousal and a cognitive label) are needed to experience emotion to feel an emotion the mind must also identify the environment stimulus causing that physiological arousal *I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is excited

Question 26

theory: james-lange first response: second response:

Answer 26

theory: james-lange first response: nervous system arousal *skin gets hot, blood pressure rises second response: conscious emotion *i am angry

Question 27

theory: cannon-bard first response: second response:

Answer 27

theory: cannon-bard first response: nervous system arousal and conscious emotion *my heart is racing and i feel afraid second response: action *get me out of here

Question 28

theory: schachter-singer first response: second response:

Answer 28

theory: schachter-singer first response: nervous system arousal and congitive appraisal *my heart is racing and i am excited second response: conscious emotion *everyone else is happy

Question 29

what structures make up the limbic system?

Answer 29

amygdala thalamus hypothalamus hippocampus fornix septal neuclei cerebral cortec

Question 30

___________ processes the environment, detects external cues, and learns from the persons surroundings in order to produce emotion

Answer 30

amygdala

Question 31

the amygdala is often associated with _________ and plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of ___________

Answer 31

fear facial expressions

Question 32

_________ fucntions as a preliminary sensory processing station

Answer 32

thalamus

Question 33

______________ synthesizes and releases neurotransmitters

Answer 33

hypothalamus

Question 34

T / F - the thalamus largely dictates emotional states

Answer 34

false, hypothalamus

Question 35

where is the hippocampus located?

Answer 35

temporal lobe *rub your temple to focus on memories

Question 36

the hippocampus is primarily involved in making ___________

Answer 36

long term memories

Question 37

(explicit / implicit) memory is the memory of experiencing the actual emotion

Answer 37

explicit

Question 38

(explicit / implicit) memory is the storage of the actual feelings of emotions associated with an event

Answer 38

implicit

Question 39

T / F - the ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions is primarily controlled by the occipital lobe

Answer 39

false, temporal lobe

Question 40

the __________ hemisphere is more active when discerning facial expressions

Answer 40

right

Question 41

(left / right) prefrontal cortex is associated with positive emotions (left / right) prefrontal cortex is associated with negative emotions

Answer 41

left = positive *i am positive i swing a bat left handed right = negative

Question 42

____________ cortex is associated when attention and cognition

Answer 42

dorsal prefrontal cortex *dorsal fins get a lot of attention

Question 43

_________ cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

Answer 43

ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 44

T / F - the ventromedial predrontal cortex is thought to play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

Answer 44

true

Question 45

(diastolic / systolic) blood pressure is increased to the greatest degree by anger

Answer 45

diastolic

Question 46

what is primary appraisal?

Answer 46

initial evaluation of the environment and the associaited threat 1. irrelevant 2. benign positive 3. stressful

Question 47

what is secondary appraisal?

Answer 47

directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress 1. harm or damage caused by the threat 2. threat, potential for future damage caused by the event 3. potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event

Question 48

what is the difference between distress and eustress?

Answer 48

distress = stressor is unpleasant (threat) eustress = stressor is beneficial (challenge)

Question 49

explain the difference: approach-approach approach-avoidance avoidance-avoidance

Answer 49

approach-approach: need to choose between two desirable options approach-avoidance: deal with only one choice, but the outcome could have both positive and negative effects avoidance-avoidance: choices between two negative options

Question 50

explain the three distinct stages of the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 50

1. alarm = initial reaction to stressor 2. resistance = continuous release od hormones to remain engaged to fight the stressor 3. exhaustion = body can no longer maintain an elevated response