problem solving and decision making

Question 1

___________ is the tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

Answer 1

mental set

Question 2

____________ is the inability to consider how to use an object in a notraditional manner

Answer 2

functional fixedness

Question 3

_____________ is a type of problem solving in which various solutions are tried until one is found that seems to work

Answer 3

trial and error

Question 4

explain the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning

Answer 4

deductive reasoning = top down, starts from a set of general rules and draws concelusions from the information given

inductive reasoning = seeks to create a thoery via generalizations

Question 5

___________ are simplified principles used to make decisions

Answer 5

heuristics

*rules of thumb

Question 6

explain availability heuristic

Answer 6

base the liklihood of an event on how easily examples of that event come to mind

*are there more english words that start with the letter k or have k as the third letter
*since we often categorize words by their beginning letter, we often have a harder time coming up with words with k as the third letter

Question 7

________________ involves categorzing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, sterotypical, or representative image of the category

Answer 7

representativeness heuristic

*individuals over / under estimate the probability of a coin landing on heads the next time its flipped with the logic that the number of heads / tails must “even out”

Question 8

_____________ is when an individual uses prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

Answer 8

base rate fallacy

Question 9

what is the diconfirmation principle?

Answer 9

when a potential solution to a problem fails during testing, so this solution should be discarded

Question 10

______________ is the tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them

Answer 10

confirmation bias

Question 11

___________ is the tendency to erroneously interpret ones decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible

Answer 11

overconfidence

Question 12

___________ bias is the tendency for people to overestiate their ability to preduct the outcome of events that already happened

Answer 12

hindsight bias

Question 13

____________ refers to the inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

Answer 13

belief perseverance

Question 14

____________ can be defined as the ability to act on perceptions that ma not be supported by available evidence

Answer 14

intuition

Question 15

howard gardeners thoery of multiple intelligences

Answer 15

1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematical
3. musical
4. visual-spatial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalist

Question 16

out of the eight intelligences in gardeners theory, what two abilities are tested on traditional IQ tests?

Answer 16

linguistic
logical-mathematical

Question 17

________ intelligence is the ability to detect and navigate the moods and motications of others

Answer 17

interpersonal

Question 18

___________ intelligence centers around being mindful of ones own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, which can provide clear guidance what role one should take in a group / society

Answer 18

intrapersonal

Question 19

sternbergs triarchic thoery of human intelligence

Answer 19

1. creative
2. analytical
3. practical

*iceburgs often wear CAPs

Question 20

___________ intelligence involves the ability to evaluate and reason

Answer 20

analytical

Question 21

__________ intelligence is the ability to solve problems using novel methods

Answer 21

creative

Question 22

__________ intelligence involves dealing with everyday problems at home or work

Answer 22

practical

Question 23

__________ intelligence addresses our emotional awareness

Answer 23

emotional

Question 24

explain the theory of emotional intelligence

Answer 24

emotional intelligence addresses our emotional awareness in four components

1. ability to express and perceieve emotions in ourself and others
2. ability to comprehend and analyze our emotions
3. ability to regulate our emotions
4. awareness of how emotions shapre our thoughts and decisions

Question 25

what is the original formula for calculating IQ?

Answer 25

IQ = mental age / chronological age (x100)