problem solving and decision making Flashcards
___________ is the tendency to approach similar problems in the same way
mental set
____________ is the inability to consider how to use an object in a notraditional manner
functional fixedness
_____________ is a type of problem solving in which various solutions are tried until one is found that seems to work
trial and error
explain the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning
deductive reasoning = top down, starts from a set of general rules and draws concelusions from the information given
inductive reasoning = seeks to create a thoery via generalizations
___________ are simplified principles used to make decisions
heuristics
*rules of thumb
explain availability heuristic
base the liklihood of an event on how easily examples of that event come to mind
*are there more english words that start with the letter k or have k as the third letter
*since we often categorize words by their beginning letter, we often have a harder time coming up with words with k as the third letter
________________ involves categorzing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, sterotypical, or representative image of the category
representativeness heuristic
*individuals over / under estimate the probability of a coin landing on heads the next time its flipped with the logic that the number of heads / tails must “even out”
_____________ is when an individual uses prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information
base rate fallacy
what is the diconfirmation principle?
when a potential solution to a problem fails during testing, so this solution should be discarded
______________ is the tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them
confirmation bias
___________ is the tendency to erroneously interpret ones decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible
overconfidence
___________ bias is the tendency for people to overestiate their ability to preduct the outcome of events that already happened
hindsight bias
____________ refers to the inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary
belief perseverance
____________ can be defined as the ability to act on perceptions that ma not be supported by available evidence
intuition
howard gardeners thoery of multiple intelligences
- linguistic
- logical-mathematical
- musical
- visual-spatial
- bodily-kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalist
out of the eight intelligences in gardeners theory, what two abilities are tested on traditional IQ tests?
linguistic
logical-mathematical
________ intelligence is the ability to detect and navigate the moods and motications of others
interpersonal
___________ intelligence centers around being mindful of ones own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, which can provide clear guidance what role one should take in a group / society
intrapersonal
sternbergs triarchic thoery of human intelligence
- creative
- analytical
- practical
*iceburgs often wear CAPs
___________ intelligence involves the ability to evaluate and reason
analytical
__________ intelligence is the ability to solve problems using novel methods
creative
__________ intelligence involves dealing with everyday problems at home or work
practical
__________ intelligence addresses our emotional awareness
emotional
explain the theory of emotional intelligence
emotional intelligence addresses our emotional awareness in four components
- ability to express and perceieve emotions in ourself and others
- ability to comprehend and analyze our emotions
- ability to regulate our emotions
- awareness of how emotions shapre our thoughts and decisions
what is the original formula for calculating IQ?
IQ = mental age / chronological age (x100)
