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MCAT - behavioral sciences > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

__________ refers to the process of putting new information into memory

A

encoding

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2
Q

infromation gained without any effort is the result of ____________

A

automatic processing

*walking around on the street

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3
Q

active memorization is known as _____________

A

controlled processing

*studying for the MCAT

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4
Q

explain the different ways of encoding information:

visual
acoustic
elaborative
semantic

A

visual = visualize information
acoustic = store information the way it sounds
elaborative = link to knowledge that is already in memory
semantic = put information into a meaningful context

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5
Q

_______ encoding is the strongest and ________ encoding is the weakest

A

semantic = strongest
visual = weakest

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6
Q

we recall information best when we can put it into the context of our own lives called ____________

A

self reference effect

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7
Q

____________ is the repetition of a pieve of information to either keep it within working memory or to store it in short term / long term memory

A

maintenance rehearsal

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8
Q

___________ involves associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized

A

method of loci

eggs = sitting on doorstep
milk = spilled in front hallway
butter = sitting in living room

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9
Q

explain the peg word system

A

associates numbers with items that rhyme or resemble the numbers

1= sun
2 = shoe
3 = tree

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10
Q

___________ is a memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together in groups of elements with related meaning

A

chunking

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11
Q

_____________ memory preserves information in its original sensory form with high accuracy and lasts only a very short time

A

sensory

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12
Q

____________ and ___________ memory make up sensory memory

A

iconic
echoic

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13
Q

__________ memory = fast decaying memory of visual stimulation

A

iconic

*iconic looks = visual

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14
Q

_____________ memory = fast decaying memory of auditory stimulation

A

echoic

*echoes = auditory

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15
Q

what is the difference between a whole report vs half report?

A

whole report = entire list of all information

half report = list information fro a particular row / column

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16
Q

_____________ is the number of items we can hold in our short tem memory at any given time

A

memory capacity

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17
Q

memory capacity is limited to approximately ____________ items

usually stated as the __________ rule

A

seven items

7 ± 2 rule

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18
Q

short term memory is housed primarily in the _________________

A

hippocampus

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19
Q

working memory is closely related to short term memory and is supported by the ____________

A

hippocampus

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20
Q

in working memory, we are able to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously, which involves the __________ and __________ lobes

A

parietal and frontal

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21
Q

____________ is the association of the information to knowledge already stored in long term memory

A

elaborative

*you can learn new information by elaborating on what you already know

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22
Q

long term memory is primarily controlled by the __________, it will eventually be moved to the __________

A

hippocampus
cerebral coretex

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23
Q

two types of long term memory

A
  1. implicit
  2. explicit
24
Q

_______________ memory consists of our ksills, habits, and conditioned responses

A

implicit

25
Q

____________ memory relates to our unconscious memory of the skills required to complete procedural tasks and priming

A

procedural

26
Q

explain the difference between positive and negative priming

A

positive priming = exposure to the first stimulus improves processing of the second stimulus (decreased response time, decreased error rate)

nagetive priming = exposure to the first stimulus interferes processing of the second stimulus (increased response time, increased error rate)

27
Q

_____________ memory consists of those memories that require conscious recall

A

explicit

*i explicitly need to remember these

28
Q

explicit memory can be divided into ___________ and ____________

A

episodic
semantic

29
Q

___________ memory refers to our recollection of life expeirences

A

episodic

*memories from episodes of my life

30
Q

__________ memory refers to ideas, concepts, or facts that we know, but are not tied to specific life experiences

A

semantic

31
Q

_____________ is the name given to the process of demonstrating that comething that has been learned has been retained

A

retrieval

32
Q

explain the spacing effect

A

the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the information later on

33
Q

what is a semnatic network?

A

concepts are linked together based onsimilar meaning

34
Q

___________ is where memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

A

context effect

*taking a test in the same room where you learning the information

35
Q

explain source monitoring

A

determining the origin of memory

whether they are factual (real, accurate) or fictional (from a dream, novel, or movie)

36
Q

_____________ is a retrieval cue based on performing beter when in the same mental state as when the information was learned

A

state dependent memory

37
Q

explain the serial position effect

A

items position in the list affected the ability to recall

38
Q

T / F - individuals often have higher recall for items in the beginning and end of a list

A

true

*serial position effect
*primacy / recency effect

39
Q

___________ is a significant loss of memorized information

A

amnesia

40
Q

how is source amnesia different that amnesia?

A

amnesia = significant loss of memorized information

source amnesia = inability to remember where, when, or how one obtained information

41
Q

alzheimers disease is a degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of ___________ in neurons that link to the hippocampus

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

memory loss in alzheimers disease tend to proceed in a ___________ fashion

A

retrograde = loss of recent memories before distant memories

43
Q

____________ is an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon / evening

A

sundowning

44
Q

korsakoffs syndrome is a form of memory loss cuased by __________ deficiency in the brain

A

thiamine

45
Q

symptoms of korsakoffs syndrome?

A

retrograde amnesia = loss of formed memories
anterograde amnesia = inability to form new memories
confabulation = fabricated memories

46
Q

___________ is the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds

A

agnosia

47
Q

what is the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference?

A

proactive = old information interfering with new information (trouble recalling a new address because you are used to the old one)

retroactive = new information interfering with old information (trouble recalling previous student’s names because you learn a new set of student’s name each year)

48
Q

T / F - aging leads to significant memory loss

A

false, this is not always true

49
Q

what is prospective memory?

A

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future

*this may be aided by triggers, such as remembering to buy milk when walking by the grocery store

50
Q

___________ is the accurate recall of past events

A

reproductive memory

51
Q

______________ is a theory of memory recall in which cognitive processes such as imagination, semantic memory, and perception affect the act of remembering

A

reconstructive memory

52
Q

a memory that incorrectly recalls actual events or recalls events that never occurred is known as a ___________

A

false memory

53
Q

_____________ are repressed memories that can be brought back into our conscious mind either spontaneously or through psychotherapy

A

recovered memories

54
Q

explain the misinformation effect

A

where a persons recall of an event becomes lessaccurate due to the injection of outside information into the memory

55
Q

____________ refers to false memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory

A

intrusion errors

*this differs from the misinformation effect because the false detail does not come from outside information

56
Q

____________ involves confusion between semantic and episodic memory = a perons remembers the details of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained

A

source monitoring effect

*person hears a story from someone else, then later recalls that happening to themselves

57
Q
A

MCAT - behavioral sciences (38 decks)

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