memory Flashcards
__________ refers to the process of putting new information into memory
encoding
infromation gained without any effort is the result of ____________
automatic processing
*walking around on the street
active memorization is known as _____________
controlled processing
*studying for the MCAT
explain the different ways of encoding information:
visual
acoustic
elaborative
semantic
visual = visualize information
acoustic = store information the way it sounds
elaborative = link to knowledge that is already in memory
semantic = put information into a meaningful context
_______ encoding is the strongest and ________ encoding is the weakest
semantic = strongest
visual = weakest
we recall information best when we can put it into the context of our own lives called ____________
self reference effect
____________ is the repetition of a pieve of information to either keep it within working memory or to store it in short term / long term memory
maintenance rehearsal
___________ involves associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized
method of loci
eggs = sitting on doorstep
milk = spilled in front hallway
butter = sitting in living room
explain the peg word system
associates numbers with items that rhyme or resemble the numbers
1= sun
2 = shoe
3 = tree
___________ is a memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together in groups of elements with related meaning
chunking
_____________ memory preserves information in its original sensory form with high accuracy and lasts only a very short time
sensory
____________ and ___________ memory make up sensory memory
iconic
echoic
__________ memory = fast decaying memory of visual stimulation
iconic
*iconic looks = visual
_____________ memory = fast decaying memory of auditory stimulation
echoic
*echoes = auditory
what is the difference between a whole report vs half report?
whole report = entire list of all information
half report = list information fro a particular row / column
_____________ is the number of items we can hold in our short tem memory at any given time
memory capacity
memory capacity is limited to approximately ____________ items
usually stated as the __________ rule
seven items
7 ± 2 rule
short term memory is housed primarily in the _________________
hippocampus
working memory is closely related to short term memory and is supported by the ____________
hippocampus
in working memory, we are able to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously, which involves the __________ and __________ lobes
parietal and frontal
____________ is the association of the information to knowledge already stored in long term memory
elaborative
*you can learn new information by elaborating on what you already know
long term memory is primarily controlled by the __________, it will eventually be moved to the __________
hippocampus
cerebral coretex
two types of long term memory
- implicit
- explicit
_______________ memory consists of our ksills, habits, and conditioned responses
implicit
____________ memory relates to our unconscious memory of the skills required to complete procedural tasks and priming
procedural
explain the difference between positive and negative priming
positive priming = exposure to the first stimulus improves processing of the second stimulus (decreased response time, decreased error rate)
nagetive priming = exposure to the first stimulus interferes processing of the second stimulus (increased response time, increased error rate)
_____________ memory consists of those memories that require conscious recall
explicit
*i explicitly need to remember these
explicit memory can be divided into ___________ and ____________
episodic
semantic
___________ memory refers to our recollection of life expeirences
episodic
*memories from episodes of my life
__________ memory refers to ideas, concepts, or facts that we know, but are not tied to specific life experiences
semantic
_____________ is the name given to the process of demonstrating that comething that has been learned has been retained
retrieval
explain the spacing effect
the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the information later on
what is a semnatic network?
concepts are linked together based onsimilar meaning
___________ is where memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place
context effect
*taking a test in the same room where you learning the information
explain source monitoring
determining the origin of memory
whether they are factual (real, accurate) or fictional (from a dream, novel, or movie)
_____________ is a retrieval cue based on performing beter when in the same mental state as when the information was learned
state dependent memory
explain the serial position effect
items position in the list affected the ability to recall
T / F - individuals often have higher recall for items in the beginning and end of a list
true
*serial position effect
*primacy / recency effect
___________ is a significant loss of memorized information
amnesia
how is source amnesia different that amnesia?
amnesia = significant loss of memorized information
source amnesia = inability to remember where, when, or how one obtained information
alzheimers disease is a degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of ___________ in neurons that link to the hippocampus
acetylcholine
memory loss in alzheimers disease tend to proceed in a ___________ fashion
retrograde = loss of recent memories before distant memories
____________ is an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon / evening
sundowning
korsakoffs syndrome is a form of memory loss cuased by __________ deficiency in the brain
thiamine
symptoms of korsakoffs syndrome?
retrograde amnesia = loss of formed memories
anterograde amnesia = inability to form new memories
confabulation = fabricated memories
___________ is the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds
agnosia
what is the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference?
proactive = old information interfering with new information (trouble recalling a new address because you are used to the old one)
retroactive = new information interfering with old information (trouble recalling previous student’s names because you learn a new set of student’s name each year)
T / F - aging leads to significant memory loss
false, this is not always true
what is prospective memory?
remembering to perform a task at some point in the future
*this may be aided by triggers, such as remembering to buy milk when walking by the grocery store
___________ is the accurate recall of past events
reproductive memory
______________ is a theory of memory recall in which cognitive processes such as imagination, semantic memory, and perception affect the act of remembering
reconstructive memory
a memory that incorrectly recalls actual events or recalls events that never occurred is known as a ___________
false memory
_____________ are repressed memories that can be brought back into our conscious mind either spontaneously or through psychotherapy
recovered memories
explain the misinformation effect
where a persons recall of an event becomes lessaccurate due to the injection of outside information into the memory
____________ refers to false memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory
intrusion errors
*this differs from the misinformation effect because the false detail does not come from outside information
____________ involves confusion between semantic and episodic memory = a perons remembers the details of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained
source monitoring effect
*person hears a story from someone else, then later recalls that happening to themselves
