formation of identity Flashcards
________ occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development
fixation
what are Freuds 5 distinct stages of psychosexual development?
- oral stage
- anal stage
- phallic stage
- latency stage
- genital stage
oral stage = _______ to __________ years
0-1 years
how is gratification obtained in the oral stage?
putting things in the childs mouth
an orally fixated adult would be expected to exhibit ________
excesssive dependency
anal stage = _______ to __________ years
1-3 years
how is gratification obtained in the anal stage?
elimination and retention of waste material
*toilet training happens during this stage
an anally fixated adult would be expected to exhibit ________
excessive orderliness or slopiness
phallic stage = _______ to __________ years
3-5 years
the phallic stage centers of the resolution of the ___________ for the male children or the ____________ for the female children
oepidal conflict = male
electra conflict = female
during the phallic stage, what does the male child fear? how does he deal with this fear?
child envies his father’s intimate relationship with his mother and fears castration
he wishes to eliminate his father and possess his mother, but the child feels guilty about these wishes
he deals with his guilty feelings by identifying with his father, establishing his sexual identity and internalizing moral values
latency stage = how long?
5 years to puberty
T / F - the genital stages begins in puberty and lasts throughout adulthood
true
explain erik erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
personality development is driven by the successful resolution of a series of social and emotional conflicts
what are the eight major life conflicts that erik erikson presents?
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame / doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- integrity vs despair
trust vs mistrust = how long?
0 - 1 years
autonomy vs shame / doubt = how long?
1 - 3 years
initiative vs guilt = how long?
3 - 6 years
industry vs inferiority = how long?
6 - 12 years
identity vs role confusion = how long?
12 - 20 years
intimacy vs isolation = how long?
20 - 40 years
generativity vs stagnation = how long?
40 - 65 years
integrity vs despair = how long?
65 years to death
explain the trust vs mistrust conflict, give the positive / negative outcomes
newborn faces the decision on whether or not to trust caregivers
+ learn to trust
- fail to learn to trust
T / F - an individual who fails to obtain a positive resolution at one stage can still advance to later stages
true
explain the autonomy vs shame / doubt conflict, give the positive / negative outcomes
child begins to explore their surroundings and develop their interests
+ self restraomt
- self doubt, persistent external locus of control
explain the initiative vs guilt conflict, give the positive / negative outcomes
child learns basic cause and effect principles in physics and starting to finish out tasks for a purpose
+ sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment
- overcome by the fear of punishment
explain the industry vs inferiority conflict, give the positive / negative outcomes
pre adolescents are becoming aware of themselves as individuals
+ feel compotent, be able to exercise abilities and intelligence, be able to affect the world in the way the child desires
- inability to act in a competent manner, low self esteem
explain the identity vs role confusion conflict, give the positive / negative outcomes
adolescents explore their independence to determine who they are and what their purpose is in society
+ fidelity, integrated person in society
- confusion about personal identity, personality shifts from day to day
explain the intimacy vs isolation conflict, give the positive / negative outcomes
people focus on creating long lasting bonds with others
+ love, intimate relationships, ability to commit onself to anotehr person and to ones own goals
- withdrawn, superficial relationships
explain the generativity vs stagnation conflict, give the positive / negative outcomes
focus is on advancing present and future society
+ productive, caring, contributing member of society
- self indulgent, bored, self centered
explain the integrity vs despair conflict, give the positive / negative outcomes
focus tends to be reflective and contemplative
+ wisdom, dignity, acceptance of the fact that ones life has been worthwhile
- bitterness about ones life, fear of death
explain the three major phases of kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning
- preconventional morality
- conventional morality
- postconventional morality
when do each of the stages occur in life?
- preconventional morality
- conventional morality
- postconventional morality
preconventional morality = preadolescence
conventional morality = adolescnece to adulthood
postconventional morality = adulthood (if at all)
what two stages are a part of the preconventional morality phase? explain each one
- obendiance = avoiding punishment
*if i steal the drug, i will go to jail - self interest = gaining rewards
*i need to save by wife because i want to spend more of my life with her
what two stages are a part of the conventional morality phase? explain each one
- conformity = emphasis on “good boy, nice girl” orientation in which a person weeks te approval of others
* i should not steal the drug because stealing is wrong - law and order = maintains the social order in the highest regard
*if everyone stole things they couldnt afford, people who produce those items would not be able to continue their business
what two stages are a part of the postconventional morality phase? explain each one
- social contract = views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good, with reasoning focused on invidual rights
*everyone has a right to live, businesses have a right to profit from their products - human ethics = reaons that devisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
*it is wrong for one person to hold anothers life for randsom
for vygotsky, what was the driving force of cognitive devlepment?
childs interalizations of various aspects of culture = rules, symbols. language
*VY = why is someone the way they are = culture
_______________ refers to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of devleopment
sone of proximal development
___________ is the ability to sense how another mind works
example = understanding how a friend is interpreting a story while you tell it
theory of mind
out understanding of how others see us, which relies on perceiving a reflection of ourselves based on the words and actions of others is called __________
looking glass self
