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IMMUNE 1 LEC > VIRAL INFECTIONS > Flashcards

VIRAL INFECTIONS Flashcards

1
Q
A

Viral Hepatitis
HIV
Dengue
Herpes Virus infections: infectious mononucleosis, Epstein Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus

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2
Q

Submicroscopic particle (size is measured in nanometers)

A

VIRUSES

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3
Q

VIRUSES

Demonstrated using (?) (compound for bacteria)

A

electron microscope

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4
Q

VIRUSES Basic Structure:

A

core of DNA or RNA

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5
Q

DNA or RNA is packed in (?) and some virus’s capsid is surrounded by outer envelope such as (?)

A

protein coat or capsid

glycolipids and proteins.

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6
Q

Intracellular pathogens

A

VIRUSES

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7
Q

They are going to rely on (?) for replication and survival.

A

host cells

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8
Q

No host =

A

dormant

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9
Q

First line of protection (nonspecific immunity)

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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10
Q

(virus-infected cells; produced in the recognition of TLRs)

A

Interferon-a and Interferon-b

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11
Q

Inhibits viral replication

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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12
Q

Inhibits viral replication

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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13
Q

HUMORAL DEFENSE
– primary cells involved

A

B cells and plasma cells

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14
Q

Produces virus specific antibodies

A

HUMORAL DEFENSE

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15
Q

Ab prevents spread of viral replication through neutralization

A

HUMORAL DEFENSE

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16
Q

: promotes phagocytosis thru opsonization

A

IgG

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17
Q

: Agglutinates viral particles

A

IgM

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18
Q

Upon activation of (?), CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells (CTL) become programmed to expand in number and attack the virus-infected cells.

A

CD4+ T helper cells and cytokines

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19
Q

produce proteins and proteases

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

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20
Q

proteases

A

Perforinm
Granzymes

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21
Q
  • pore forming protein; create a pore in the membrane of the host cell
A

Perforin

22
Q
  • they will now enter the pore and will activate apoptosis
A

Granzymes

23
Q

CELLULAR DEFENSE

Increase (?) its original number

A

50,000 times

24
Q

STRATEGIES ON HOW VIRUSES ESCAPES IMMUNE MECHANISMS

A

They undergo frequent genetic mutations

Some viruses can evade actions of the component of the immune response

Viruses can evade the hosts defense by suppressing the immune system

25
Q

– not recognized immediately by initial immune response

A

Produces new viral antigens

26
Q

LABORATORY TESTING FOR VIRAL INFECTION

A

Virus specific IgM antibodies

IgG antibodies to the virus

27
Q

Indicates current or recent infection or acute infection

A

Virus specific IgM antibodies

28
Q

Specific IgM antibody in newborns indicates (?) with virus

A

congenital infection

29
Q

Indicates current or past infection and in most cases immunity

A

IgG antibodies to the virus

30
Q

IgG antibodies in newborns are mainly (?)

A

maternal antibodies

31
Q

can cross the placenta; thus normal

A

IgG

32
Q

infects the host cell by attaching to specific receptors in their target cells

A

Virion

33
Q

It penetrates the

A

cell membrane

34
Q

Release of

A

nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)

35
Q

directs the host cell machinery to produce more viral nucleic acid and proteins

A

nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)

36
Q

assemble inside the cell to form the intact virus, which is released thru (?) of the cell surface

A

cell lysis or budding

37
Q

Viruses destroy the cells leading to

A

decreased cell count

38
Q

Target cell:

A

CD4 T cells

39
Q

By inducing transcription of several genes that will code for proteins w/ antiviral activity

A

Inhibits viral replication

40
Q

Binds virus-infected cells and release cytotoxic proteins like perforin (substance that create pores) and granzymes

A

Enhances activity of NK cells

41
Q

antibodies specific for a component of the virus that binds to a receptor on the host cell membrane will bind to the virus and prevent it from attaching to and penetrating the cell

A

Produces virus specific antibodies

42
Q

antibodies neutralize viruses in the mucosal surfaces

A

Secretory IgA

43
Q

can bind to viruses in the bloodstream and inhibit dissemination of the infection.

A

IgM and IgG antibodies

44
Q

promote phagocytosis of viruses through their opsonizing activity

A

IgG antibodies

45
Q

can also inactivate viral particles by agglutinating them.

A

IgM antibodies

46
Q

also activate complement

A

IgG and IgM antibodies

47
Q

leading to elimination of intracellular viruses required for replication

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

48
Q

Ex. Covid-19
 Frequently undergo genetic mutation due to presence of nucleic acids
 Production of new viral antigens that are not recognized immediately by the innate immune response

A

They undergo frequent genetic mutations

49
Q

Some viruses can evade actions of the component of the immune response

can block the degradation of viral RNA that is induced by interferons.

A

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

50
Q

Viruses can evade the hosts defense by suppressing the immune system

Can reduce the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecule on the surface of virus infected cells making them less likely to be recognized by B cells

A

cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus

51
Q

LABORATORY TESTING FOR VIRAL INFECTION

A

Serologic testing
Molecular assays

52
Q

– monitors the course of infection, detects past infection, can assess immune status

A

Serologic testing

IMMUNE 1 LEC (28 decks)

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