Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMMUNE 1 LEC > CHAPTER III - MHC & CYTOKINES > Flashcards

CHAPTER III - MHC & CYTOKINES Flashcards

1
Q

– discovered how to fuse lymphocytes to produce a cell line that is both immortal and a producer of specific antibodies

A

Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein (1975)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • Purified antibodies cloned from a single cell.
A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • Exhibit purity and specificity
A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • Able to recognize and bind to a specific antigen
A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Used in-vitro diagnostic testing
A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Immunoglobulins derived from a single clone of cells
A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • Process of producing Mab’s takes 3 to 6 months.
A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Used to treat various types of cancers

A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • metastatic breast cancer
A

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • an antibody directed against HER-2/neu
    protein
A

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

-present in large numbers on tumor cells

A

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • has been helpful in slowing the disease’s progress
A

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • non-Hodgkin lymphoma
A

Rituximab (Rituxan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • approved by the FDA
A

Cetuximab (Erbitux)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • colorectal cancer
A

Cetuximab (Erbitux)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • head and neck cancers
A

Cetuximab (Erbitux)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • approved by the FDA
A

Beva-cizumab (Avastin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • lorectal, non-small lung, and breast cancers
A

Beva-cizumab (Avastin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. Identifying and quantifying hormones
A

USES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. Typing tissue and blood and delivering immunotherapy
A

USES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  1. Identifying infectious agents
A

USES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. Identifying clusters of differentiation for the classification of leukemias and lymphomas and follow-up therapy
A

USES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  1. Identifying tumor antigens and autoantibodies
A

USES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

First named as “?” by a French scientist named Dausset

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

o Observed in responses of circulating WBCs

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • Tightly linked cluster of genes
A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

o Products of MHC plays a role in intracellular recognition of Ags and in the discrimination of self from nonself

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • Participates in the development of Humoral-MI and Cellular-MI
A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • Partly determines response of an individual to antigens of
    infectious disease and graft rejection
A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

o Determines whether a transplanted tissue is histocompatible (to reject or to accept and organ for receipient)

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

o Organ donation considers blood type and compatibility of donor with recipient’s major histocompatibility genes

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
  • Implicated in susceptibility to disease and development of autoimmunity
A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
  • Genes are found on the short arm of chromosome 6
A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

– locations where the alleles are present

A

Loci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

– alternative form of a gene found on the same chromosome

A

Allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

CLASS 1 MOLECULE
Loci

A

Coded for three different loci
• A, B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

CLASS 1 MOLECULE
Chain structure

A

• a-chain and B2- microglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

CLASS 1 MOLECULE
Cells distribution

A

Expressed on all nucleated cells
• Highest on lymphocytes
• Low or undetected on liver, neural cells, muscle cells and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

CLASS 1 MOLECULE
Function

A

Presentation of peptide antigen to Tc cells (T cytotoxic cells/CD8 cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

CLASS I1 MOLECULE
Loci

A

Coded for several loci
• DR, DQ and DP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CLASS I1 MOLECULE
Chain structure

A

a-chain and b-chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

CLASS I1 MOLECULE
Cells distribution

A

Antigen Presenting Cells
• B- lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

CLASS I1 MOLECULE
Function

A

Presents processed antigenic peptides to Th Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

CLASS II1 MOLECULE
Loci

A

Encodes for components of the complement system and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

CLASS II1 MOLECULE
Chain structure

A

—-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

CLASS II1 MOLECULE
Cells distribution

A

—-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

CLASS II1 MOLECULE
Function

A

Secreted proteins that have immune function but are not expressed on cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

• Bone marrow – 1st

A

MOST IMMUNOGENIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

• Skin

A

MOST IMMUNOGENIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

• Islets of Langerhans

A

MOST IMMUNOGENIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

• Heart

A

MOST IMMUNOGENIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

• Liver

A

MOST IMMUNOGENIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

• Bone

A

MOST IMMUNOGENIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

• Xenogeneic valve replacements

A

MOST IMMUNOGENIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

• Cornea

A

LEAST IMMUNOGENIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q
  • located at a privilege site; not patrolled by the immune system; easier to transplant
A

• Cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q
  • Polypeptide products that will control a variety of cellular response, thereby regulating the immune response
A

CYTOKINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q
  • Assists in regulating the development of immune effector cells
A

CYTOKINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q
  • Cytokine activity produces several cascades leading to rapid
    generation of innate and adaptive immune response
A

CYTOKINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q
  • Under the humoral-mediated immunity
A

CYTOKINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q
  • Low molecular weight regulatory proteins or glycoproteins
    secreted by the WBC and various other cells in the body in
    response to a number of stimuli
A

CYTOKINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q
  • Named based on their activities and types of cell from which they were isolated
A

CYTOKINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q
  • Over 200 different cytokines
A

CYTOKINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q
  • Most fall into one of the following families:
A

hematopoietins,
interferons, chemokines and tumor necrosis factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

o Major:

A

TNF, IF, TGF, CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q
  • Can only act on a cell that expresses a receptor for it
A

CYTOKINES

67
Q
  • Cytokines are synthesized and secreted by the cells associated with innate and adaptive immunity in response to microbial and other antigen exposures.
A

CYTOKINES

68
Q

was the first cytokine activity to be described.

A

Migratory inhibitory factor (MIF)

69
Q

o Function: to perform a T-cell derived activity that will immobilize macrophage migration causing retention and accumulation of phagocytes at the site of inflammation

A

Migratory inhibitory factor (MIF)

70
Q

o Preferred name for the class of mediators

A

Cytokines

71
Q

o Produced by leukocytes that act on other leukocytes are referred to by the imperfect but descriptive term interleukins.

A

Cytokines

72
Q

o Ex. IL-1 will act as an endogenous pyrogen (induces fever in acute phase response through its action on the hypothalamus)

A

Cytokines

73
Q

– another term used to describe cytokines produced by activated lymphocytes.

A

Lymphokines

74
Q

Cytokines mediate early inflammatory reactions to microbial organism and stimulate adaptive immune response.

A

IN INNATE IMMUNITY

75
Q

Stimulate proliferation and differentiation of antigen- stimulated lymphocytes and activate specialized effector cells.

A

IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

76
Q

INNATE
Examples

A

TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-1, IL- 12 IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5

77
Q

ADAPTIVE
Examples

A

IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5

78
Q

INNATE
Major cell source

A

Macrophages, NK cells

79
Q

ADAPTIVE
Major cell source

A

T lymphocytes (more specific)

80
Q

INNATE
Major physiologic function

A

Mediators of innate immunity and inflammation (local and systemic)

81
Q

ADAPTIVE
Major physiologic function

A

Regulation of lymphocyte growth and differentiation Activation of effector cells (macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells)

82
Q

INNATE
Stimuli

A

LPS (endotoxin), bacterial peptidoglycans, viral RNA, T cell–derived cytokines (e.g., IFN-β)

83
Q

ADAPTIVE
Stimuli

A

Protein antigens

84
Q

INNATE
Quantity produced

A

Possibly high, detectable in serum

85
Q

ADAPTIVE
Quantity produced

A

Usually low, usually undetectable in serum

86
Q

INNATE
Effects on body

A

Local and systemic

87
Q

ADAPTIVE
Effects on body

A

Usually local

88
Q

INNATE
Roles in disease

A

Systemic diseases

89
Q

ADAPTIVE
Roles in disease

A

Local tissue injury

90
Q

INNATE
Inhibitors

A

Corticosteroids

I miss you bebe ko🫶

91
Q

ADAPTIVE
Inhibitors

A

Cyclosporine, FK-506

Ganda talaga ng bebe ko na yan🫶

92
Q

Cytokines – responsible for many physical symptoms attributed to inflammation such as (?)

A

fever, swelling, pain, and cellular infiltrates into damaged tissues

93
Q

– nonspecific but occurs within the first hours of contact w/ microorgs

A

Innate Immunity

94
Q

Primarily secreted by macrophages, NK cells, or fibroblasts

A

CYTOKINES OF INNATE IMMUNITY

95
Q
  • Secreted by macrophages
A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TF)

96
Q
  • Vasculature (inflammation); liver (induction
    of acute phase proteins); neutrophil activation
A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TF)

97
Q
  • “interfere” with viral replication
A

Interferon alpha

98
Q
  • Secreted by macrophages
A

Interferon alpha

99
Q
  • Induces antiviral state in most nucleated cells
A

Interferon alpha

100
Q

• Limit infection relative to 1
area of the body

A

Interferon alpha

101
Q
  • activates NK cells
A

Interferon alpha

102
Q

• enhance expression of MHC
Class 1 molecule (A, B, C are able to present Ag to T CD8 cells)

A

Interferon alpha

103
Q
  • Produced by fibroblasts
A

Interferon beta

104
Q
  • Induces antiviral state in most nucleated cells
A

Interferon beta

105
Q
  • activates NK cells
A

Interferon beta

106
Q
  • Secreted by monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and epithelial cells
A

Interleukin 1

107
Q
  • Vasculature (inflammation); hypothalamus (fever); liver (induction of acute phase proteins)
A

Interleukin 1

108
Q

o remain intracellularly and released only when cells will die

A

IL-1a

109
Q

o helps attract inflammatory cells like neut and macroph

A

IL-1a

110
Q

o lead the inflammatory cells to areas where cells and tissues are being damaged

A

IL-1a

111
Q

o Has systemic activities (inducing fever as a pyrogen or activates phagocytosis)

A

IL-1b

112
Q

o Acts as an endogenous pyrogen
stimulates hypothalamus to secrete
factors that will induce fever)

A

IL-1RA (receptor antagonist)

113
Q

o Hypothalamus – thermostat of the body that act by increasing body
temp to kill microorganisms

A

IL-1RA (receptor antagonist)

114
Q
  • Secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells
A

Interleukin 12

115
Q

• produces IL-12 in response to certain stimuli like mycobacteria, intracellular
bacteria, and viruses

A

Interleukin 12

116
Q

• has multiple effects on both T
cells and NK cells

A

Interleukin 12

117
Q
  • binds to its receptor on naïve T cells and causes the expression of a new set of genes, including those that determine maturation
    into the Th1 lineage
A

Interleukin 12

118
Q
  • Targets NK cells; influences adaptive
    immunity (promotes Th1 subset)
A

Interleukin 12

119
Q
  • Produced by macrophages and endothelial cells
A

Interleukin 6

120
Q
  • Liver (induces acute phase proteins) proliferation and antibody secretion of B cell lineage
A

Interleukin 6

121
Q
  • Pleotropic cytokine that affects inflammation, acute phase proteins, and immunoglobulin synthesis due to activation states of B and T cells
A

Interleukin 6

122
Q
  • Able to stimulate B cells to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
A

Interleukin 6

123
Q
  • Induces CD4 T cells to produce greater quantities of both pro- and inflammatory cytokines
A

Interleukin 6

124
Q
  • Primarily secreted by T helper cells amd Effector T cell
A

CYTOKINES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

125
Q

T helper cells:

A

o Th1
o Th2
o T regulatory cells (Treg)

126
Q
  • 3rd major subclass
A

T regulatory cells (Treg)

127
Q
  • CD4 and CD25 that are selected in the
    thymus
A

T regulatory cells (Treg)

128
Q
  • Plays a key role in establishing tolerance for
    a wide variety of antigens, allergens, tumor antigens, transplant antigens, and infectious agent
A

T regulatory cells (Treg)

129
Q
  • Secreted by Th1 cells, CD8 cells and NK cells
A

Interferon gamma

130
Q
  • Activates macrophages; increases antigen presentation
A

Interferon gamma

131
Q
  • T cell growth factor
A

Interleukin 2

132
Q
  • Secreted by T cells
A

Interleukin 2

133
Q
  • T cell proliferation; NK cell activation; B cell
    proliferation
A

Interleukin 2

134
Q
  • Drives both differentiation and growth B and T cells
A

Interleukin 2

135
Q
  • Induces NK cells
A

Interleukin 2

136
Q
  • Stimulates adaptive immunity by stimulating
    the production of IgG1 and IgG3 opsonization and complement activation
A

Interleukin 2

137
Q
  • Produced by Th2 cells and mast cells
A

Interleukin 4

138
Q
  • Th2 – primary producers; responsible for
    antibody mediated immunity
A

Interleukin 4

139
Q
  • Help drive antibody responses in variety of
    diseases
A

Interleukin 4

140
Q
  • Expressed on lymphocytes and numerous
    non-hematopoietic cells
A

Interleukin 4

141
Q
  • Activity of Naïve T cells will turn on the
    genes and generate Th2 cells and turns off the genes that will promote Th1 such as IFN- g and its subunits
A

Interleukin 4

142
Q
  • Promotes TH2 differentiation
A

Interleukin 4

143
Q
  • Secreted by Th2 cells
A

Interleukin 5

144
Q
  • Eosinophil activation and generation
A

Interleukin 5

145
Q
  • Secreted by T cells, macrophages and other cell types
A

Transforming Growth Factor Beta

146
Q
  • Inhibits T cell proliferation and effector functions; inhibits B cell proliferation; inhibits macrophages
A

Transforming Growth Factor Beta

147
Q
  • induces expression of Foxp3, a transcription factor that causes Treg cells to suppress the activity of other T cells
A

Transforming Growth Factor Beta

148
Q
  • effect is inhibitory
A

Transforming Growth Factor Beta

149
Q

A (?) is immunized, and spleen cells are removed.

A

mouse

150
Q

Injection of antigen (?)

A

human IgG

151
Q

– cannot participate in agglu rx (additional reagent as a monoclonal Ab)

A

Ig as a monomer

152
Q

IS of the mouse will produce an (?) to be accumulated on spleen cells of the mouse

A

anti-IgG

153
Q

These cells are fused with (?) cells and then plated in a restrictive medium.

A

nonsecreting myeloma

154
Q

– cancerous plasma cell; immortal; unlimited supply of monoclonal Abs

A

Myeloma cells

155
Q

(?) with anti-IgG fuses w/ MC in the presence of PEG (polyethylene glycol)

A

Spleen cells

156
Q

Only the (?) cells will grow in this restrictive medium, where they synthesize and secrete a monoclonal immunoglobulin specific for a single determinant on an a Hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT)

A

hybridoma

157
Q
  • selective medium; culture in this medium is used to separate the hybridoma cells by allowing them to grow selectively; unlimited supply of anti-IgG
A

Hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT)

158
Q

are made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where small peptides made within the cell are transported to the ER.

A

Class I MHC molecules

159
Q

Upon combining with MHC class I, the (?) is transported through the Golgi complex to the cell surface.

A

peptide-MHC complex

160
Q

Upon combining with MHC class I, the peptide-MHC complex is transported through the (?) to the cell surface.

A

Golgi complex

161
Q

The binding site of MHC class II molecules are first occupied by
an (?)

A

invariant chain (Ii).

162
Q

This is degraded and exchanged for short exogenous peptides in
an (?) .

A

endosomal compartment

163
Q

The (?) complex is then
transported to the cell surface.

A

exogenous peptide-MHC class II

164
Q

Tapos ko na 2 blue boxes sa page 1 bebe

I miss u bebe ko🫶

A

IMMUNE 1 LEC (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions