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IMMUNE 1 LEC > CHAPTER 6 - AGGLUTINATION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 6 - AGGLUTINATION Flashcards

1
Q

Process by which particulate antigens (agglutinogen) such as cell aggregate to form larger complexes when a specific antibody (agglutinin) is present

A

AGGLUTINATION

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2
Q

particulate antigens

A

agglutinogen

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3
Q

specific antibody

A

agglutinin

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4
Q

published the first report about the ability of antibody to clump cells, based on observations of agglutination of bacterial cells by serum

A

Gruber and Durham

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5
Q

2 STAGES OF AGGLUTINATION

A
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6
Q

Antigen-Antibody reaction

A

SENSITIZATION

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7
Q

Cross linking

A

LATTICE FORMATION

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8
Q

Visible agglutination

A

LATTICE FORMATION

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9
Q

No agglutination yet

A

SENSITIZATION

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10
Q

Forms bridges between Ab and Ag

A

LATTICE FORMATION

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11
Q

Represents binding of Ag and Ab

A

SENSITIZATION

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12
Q

Stabilization of antigen–antibody complexes with the binding together of multiple antigenic determinants.

A

SENSITIZATION

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13
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT AGGLUTINATION

A
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14
Q

Routine Buffer pH

A

pH 7

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15
Q

(physiological pH)

A

7.35 – 7.45

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16
Q

Affects the zoning phenomenon

A

Relative concentration of Ag and Ab

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17
Q

Abs will not detect determinants buried within the particle

A

Location and concentration of Antigenic determinants of the particle

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18
Q

More number of determinants, the higher the likelihood of cross bridging

A

Location and concentration of Antigenic determinants of the particle

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19
Q

Electrostatic interactions between particles

A

Non covalent interaction

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20
Q

(Zeta potential)

A

Electrolyte concentration

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21
Q

in the buffer plays an important role in agglutination

A

Electrolyte concentration (ionic strength)

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22
Q

: charge bet RBC and the elctrolyte/ECF

A

Zeta potential

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23
Q

Zeta potential:
in RBC
outside the body

A

↑

↓

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24
Q

reduce electrostatic charges that interfere with lattice formation

A

Electrolytes

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25
Q

Antibody isotope Best: l

A

IgM

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26
Q

(dealing w/ particulate Ag)

A

IgM

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27
Q

IgM: Cold reacting with optimum temperature at

A

4-22oC

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28
Q

IgG: Warm reacting with optimum temperature at

A

37oC

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29
Q

Incubation times ranges from

A

15-60 minutes

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30
Q

No agglutinates

A

0

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31
Q

Dark, turbid, homogenous

A

0

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32
Q

Many tiny agglutinates, many free cells, may not be visible without microscope

A

W+

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33
Q

Dark, turbid

A

W+

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34
Q

Many small agglutinates, many free cells

A

1+

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35
Q

(25% are agglutinated)

A

1+

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36
Q

Turbid

A

1+

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37
Q

Many medium sized agglutinins, moderate number of free cells

A

2+

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38
Q

(50% are agglutinated)

A

2+

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39
Q

Clear

A

2+
3+
4+

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40
Q

Several large agglutinates, few free cells

A

3+

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41
Q

(75% are agglutinated)

A

3+

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42
Q

One large solid agglutination, no free

A

4+

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43
Q

(100% are agglutinated)

A

4+

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44
Q

MAJOR CATEGORIES OF AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS

A
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45
Q

Reaction is due to an Ag-Ab reaction where in the Ag is inherent (inside) native to the cell

A

Direct Immune

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46
Q

Direct Immune Example:

A

ABO grouping (hemagglutination), Widal Test

47
Q

Aggregation of indicator rod blood cells are NOT due to Ag-Ab reaction

A

Direct Non Immune

48
Q

Direct Non Immune Example:

A

Viral Hemagglutination test

49
Q

Virus can stick to agglutinate RBC in the process

A

VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION

50
Q

VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION viruses

A

Rubella virus, dengue virus, influenza virus, mumps virus

51
Q

Viral receptor: (binds RBC)

A

Peplomers

52
Q

Competitive binding Assay

A

VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION (HAI)

53
Q

Procedure:
1. Patient serum w/ Ab incubated with viral particles (Commercially available)
2. Viral particles will bind to the Fab region of Anti-viral Abs
3. Indicator RBCs added to reaction mixture

A

VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION (HAI)

54
Q

VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION (HAI)

Positive result:
Negative result:

A

Inhibition or Absence of Agglutination (Presence of Ab)
Agglutination

55
Q

Reactions where Ag has been fixed or absorbed to a carrier/ inert particle

A

INDIRECT/ PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

56
Q

INDIRECT/ PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION Example:

A

Antistreptolysin-O (ASTO)

57
Q

Different passive carriers:

A

Human RBCs
Clay (Bentonite)
Latex particles
Colloidal gold
Charcoal particles

58
Q

Antibody is bound to the carrier

A

REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

59
Q

Fluid is detected for the presence of Ag

A

REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

60
Q

REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION Example:

A

CRP, Reverse agglutination test for Candida and Nisseria

61
Q

Patient sample (Ag) incubated with Ab in test kit

A

LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

62
Q

Complex will form if the patient sample contains the corresponding Ag and the Fab sites are no longer available for the Ag-coated latex particles

A

LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

63
Q

LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION Example:

A

HCG/ pregnancy test, Screening test for Drug

64
Q

Systems using bacteria as the inert particles to which antibody is attached

A

COAGULATION

65
Q
  • most frequently used bacteria in COAGULATION
A

Staphylococcus aureus

66
Q

– responsible for attaching Ab to the bacteria; naturally adsorbs the fragment crystallizable (FC) portion of antibody molecules

A

Protein A

67
Q

The active sites face outward and are capable of reacting with specific antigen

A

COAGULATION

68
Q

Detects IgG Ab bound to Ag on Red cells (in-vivo) Purpose:

A

Direct Antiglobulin Test

69
Q

Direct Antiglobulin Test Purpose:

A

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn investigation
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction investigation
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

70
Q

Direct Antiglobulin Test Example:

A

Direct Coomb’s test

71
Q

– maternal Ab attacking the fetal RBC

A

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn investigation

72
Q

– recipient Ab attacking the donor RBC

A

Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction investigation

73
Q

– selfAb attacking own RBC

A

AIHA (Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia)

74
Q

Detects presence of Abs in the serum that is still to be attached to an analyte (invitro)

A

ANTIGLOBULIN TEST

75
Q

ANTIGLOBULIN TEST Purpose:

A

Crossmatching
Ab determination
Ab identification
RBC Ag phenotyping

76
Q

ANTIGLOBULIN TEST Example:

A

Indirect Coomb’s test

77
Q

– metabolite of drug attached to RBC

A

Drug induced Hemolytic Anemia

78
Q

In concentration or in exact value

A

QUANTITATIVE AGGLUTINATION REACTION

79
Q

SPIA/ Sol Particle Immunoassay

A

Gold-inorganic colloidal particle

80
Q

DIA/ Disperse Dye Immunoassay

A

Dye-organic colloidal particle

81
Q

IMPACT/ Immunoassay by Particle Counting

A

Latex particle

82
Q

Best QUANTITATIVE AGGLUTINATION REACTION

A

IMPACT/ Immunoassay by Particle Counting

83
Q

VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINAT ION INHIBITION (HAI)

Reagent/s:

Unknown:

A

1) Viral particles 2) Indicator RBC

Antibody

84
Q

INDIRECT/ PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

Reagent/s:

Unknown:

A

Antigen

Antibody

85
Q

REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

Reagent/s:

Unknown:

A

Antibody

Antigen

86
Q

LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

Reagent/s:

Unknown:

A

1) Antibody 2) Ag-coated latex particle

Antigen

87
Q

VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINAT ION INHIBITION (HAI)

(+) Result

A
88
Q

INDIRECT/ PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

(+) Result

A
89
Q

LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

(+) Result

A
90
Q

COAGULATION
Unknown
(+) Result

A

Ag

Agglutination

91
Q

This finding gave rise to the use of serology as a tool in the diagnosis of disease, and it also led to the discovery of the ABO blood groups (Karl Landsteiner)

A

AGGLUTINATION

92
Q

Antigen and antibody unite through antigenic determinant sites.

A

Sensitization

93
Q

Sensitization or Lattice formation

Particulate Ags: w/ multiple determinants

A

Sensitization

94
Q

Sensitization or Lattice formation

Cross-linking or bridging

A

Lattice formation

95
Q

Rearrangement of antigen and antibody bonds to form stable lattice.

A

Lattice formation

96
Q

Blood type determines the Ag present in RBC

A

ABO grouping (hemagglutination)

97
Q

Ex.
A = AAg
B = Bag
AB = AB Ag
O = None (w/o A or B Ag)

A

ABO grouping (hemagglutination)

98
Q

ABO grouping (hemagglutination) Types:

A
  1. Forward Typing
  2. Reverse Typing
99
Q

– employs use of antisera containing Abs

A

Forward Typing

100
Q

Types of anti-sera:

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

101
Q

Competition between the Viral particle (VP) and Indicator RBC (I. RBC) for the binding sites of the Ab

A
102
Q

[Px serum w/ Ab + Viral particle w/ Ag = Ag-Ab binding] + [Indicator RBC (to indicate agglutination)]

(+) Result:

A

No Agglutination

103
Q

[Px serum w/o Ab + Viral particle w/ Ag = Ag-Ab binding] + [Indicator RBC (to indicate agglutination)]
VP binds w/ I. RBC due to peplomer to show agglutination
Result:

A

Agglutination

104
Q

Antigen is attached to the carrier particle, and agglutination occurs if patient antibody is present.

A

INDIRECT/ PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

105
Q

Antibody is attached to the carrier particle, and agglutination occurs if patient antigen is present.

A

REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION

106
Q

REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION
Has a fab site facing outwards, which is important to detach Ag

A

Ab

107
Q

REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION
– portion of Ab attached to the coated particle

A

Fc portion of the Ab

108
Q

Reagent antibody is added to the patient sample.

A

LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

109
Q

If patient antigen is present, antigen–antibody combination results.

A

LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

110
Q

When antigen-coated latex particles are added, no agglutination occurs, which is a positive test.

A

LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

111
Q

If no patient antigen is there, the reagent antibody combines with latex particles, and agglutination results, which is a negative test.

A

LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

112
Q

Screening test for Drug
THC -
MET -
CONTROL – for

A

THC - marijuana
MET - methamphetamine (shabu)
CONTROL – for the validity of the test

113
Q

Screening test for Drug Result
1 line for CONTROL -
1 line for MET –

A

positive for both

positive for THC

114
Q

Same as reverse passive agglutination but bacteria is used instead of carrier particles to w/c Ab is attached

A

COAGULATION

IMMUNE 1 LEC (28 decks)

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