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IMMUNE 1 LEC > CHAPTER III – ANTIBODIES > Flashcards

CHAPTER III – ANTIBODIES Flashcards

1
Q

Glycoproteins that recognize and bind to a particular antigen with very high specificity.

A

ANTIBODIES

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2
Q

Made in response to exposure to the antigen.

A

ANTIBODIES

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3
Q

One virus or microbe may have several (?), to which different antibodies may bind.

A

antigenic determinant sites

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4
Q

Each antibody has at least two identical sites that bind

A

antigen: Antigen binding sites.

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5
Q

Belong to a group of serum proteins called

A

Immunoglobulins (Igs).

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6
Q

Electrophoresis at pH 8.6, immunoglobulins appear primarily in the

A

gamma band

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7
Q

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS

A

Neutralize toxic substances

Facilitate phagocytosis and kill microbes

Combine with antigens on cellular surfaces and thereby cause the destruction of these cells either extravascular (outside of the blood vessels within the mononuclear-phagocyte system or reticuloendothelial system) or intravascularly (within blood vessels though the action of complement)

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8
Q

postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen

A

Paul Ehrlich

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9
Q

Occurred once antigen was introduced, it would select the cell with proper receptor, combination would take place and receptors would break off and enter the circulation as antibody molecules

A

EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY

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10
Q

New receptors would form in place of those broken off and enter the circulation as antibody molecules

A

EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY

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11
Q

Receptors are located on the surface of the Ab-producing cell

A

EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY

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12
Q

Felix Haurowitz

A

TEMPLATE THEORY

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13
Q

Antibody producing cells are capable of synthesizing a generalized type of antibody, and when contact with an antigen occurs, the antigen serves as a mold or template and alters protein synthesis so that antibody with a specific fits is made

A

TEMPLATE THEORY

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14
Q

This now specific antibody enters the circulation, while the antigen remains behind to direct further synthesis

A

TEMPLATE THEORY

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15
Q

MOST ACCEPTED

A

CLONAL SELECTION

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16
Q

Niels Jerne and Macfarlane Burnet independently supported the idea of clonal selection process for antibody formation

A

CLONAL SELECTION

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17
Q

The key premise is that individual lymphocytes are genetically programmed to produce one type of immunoglobulin and that a specific antigen finds or selects those particular cells capable of responding to it, causing to proliferate

A

CLONAL SELECTION

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18
Q

A flexible Y-shaped molecule with four protein chains

A

Monomer

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19
Q

Monomer four protein chains

A

 2 identical light chains
 2 identical heavy chains
 1 LC, 2 HC = 4 Protein Chains

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20
Q

Two sections at the end of Y’s arms – Antigen binding sites (Fab).

A

Variable Regions

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21
Q

Identical on the same antibody, but vary from one antibody to another.

A

Variable Regions

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22
Q

Stem of monomer and lower parts of Y arms.

A

Constant Regions

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23
Q

For Complement fixation, Skin Fixation and Placental transfer

A

Fc region

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24
Q

first approximately 110 amino acids at the amino-terminal end the remaining amino acids can typically be divided up into three or more constant regions with very similar sequences, designated CH1, CH2, and CH3.

A

Variable domain of the H chain

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25
are unique to each class and give each immunoglobulin
Constant regions of the H chain
26
: IgG : IgA : IgE : IgD : IgM
gamma H chain: IgG alpha H chain: IgA epsilon H chain: IgE delta H chain: IgD mu H chain : IgM
27
ANTIBODY VARIATIONS
ISOTYPE ALLOTYPES IDIOTYPE
28
Refers to the heavy chain that determine the Ig class
ISOTYPE
29
most common type
ISOTYPE
30
Minor variations of in the constant region
ALLOTYPES
31
E.g occur in the four IgG subclasses, in one IgA subclass, and in the kappa light chain.
Allotypes
32
Variations in variable regions
IDIOTYPE:
33
The aminoterminal ends of both L and H chains contain these regions, which are essential to the formation of the antigen-binding site.
IDIOTYPE
34
Possess both constant and variable regions
LIGHT CHAINS
35
o Kappa (65%) o Lambda (35%) o 2:1
LIGHT CHAINS
36
discovered through Bence Jones Proteins which are light chains produced by a malignant plasma cell from the urine of Multiple Myeloma pts
LIGHT CHAINS
37
Connect heavy and light chains Connect light chains and light chains Connect heavy chains and heavy chains
DISULFIDE BONDS
38
Between CH1 and CH2
HINGE REGION
39
Flexible region
HINGE REGION
40
Amino acid: PROLINE
HINGE REGION
41
Regions or sections in an Ig molecule
42
DOMAINS
A. 1 Light Chain B. 1 Heavy Chain C. IgM and IgE: with Extra CH4
43
1 Light Chain
2 domains: 1 VL and 1 CL
44
1 Heavy Chain
4 domains: 1 VH and 3 CH
45
: with Extra CH4
IgM and IgE
46
cleaves the Ig above the hinge region
Papain digestion
47
3 fragments 2 Fab + 1 FC
Papain digestion
48
cleaves Ig below the hinge region
Pepsin digestion
49
2 fragments F(ab)2 + Fc
Pepsin digestion
50
BASIC Ig Structure
MONOMER
51
IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA (most)
MONOMER
52
2 binding site (2 valence)
MONOMER
53
Secretory component or piece of IgA2
DIMER
54
prevents the enzymatic degeneration of enzyme among secretions
DIMER
55
4 valence
DIMER
56
With J chain
DIMER POLYMER
57
> 2 monomer
POLYMER
58
IgM
POLYMER
59
10 valence
POLYMER
60
Predominant type of immunoglobulin in humans
IgG
61
Greatest in serum concentration
IgG (followed by IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE)
62
Longest half-life of any immunoglobulin class
IgG
63
Predominant in chronic phase of infection and in recovery
IgG
64
Its subclasses are differentiated in the number of disulfide bonds
IgG
65
- predominant (67%); 2 disulfide bonds
IgG1
66
- 22%; 4 disulfide bonds
IgG2
67
- 7%; 15 disulfide bonds
IgG3
68
- 4%; 2 disulfide bonds
IgG4
69
FUNCTIONS OF IgG
Provides immunity to the newborn by crossing thru the placenta (Most Efficient: IgG1) Fixes or activates complement (Best: IgG3) Opsonization Neutralization of toxins and viruses Participation in agglutination and precipitation reaction
70
crossing thru the placenta (Most Efficient:)
IgG1
71
Only Ig to cross the placenta
IgG
72
First Ab present/found in newborns
IgG
73
Fixes or activates complement (Best:)
IgG3
74
FUNCTIONS OF IgM
Complement fixation: Most efficient in triggering the classical complement pathway Best agglutinin Opsonization Neutralization of toxins
75
FUNCTIONS OF IgD
Responsible for IMMUNOREGULATION
76
DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS OF IgG
o Infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, rubella, and infectious mononucleosis o Collagen disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus o Hematologic disorders, such as polyclonal gammopathies, monoclonal gammopathies, monocytic leukemia, and Hodgkin's disease
77
DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS OF IgM
o Infectious diseases, such as subacute bacterial endocarditis, infectious mononucleosis, leprosy, trypanosomiasis, malaria, and actinomycosis o Collagen disorders, such as scleroderma o Hematologic disorders, such as polyclonal gammopathies, monocytic leukemia, and monoclonal gammopathies (e.g., Waldenström's macroglobulinemia)
78
DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS OF IgA
o Infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and actinomycosis o Collagen disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis o Hematologic disorders, such as polyclonal gammopathies, o Monocytic leukemia, and monoclonal gammopathy (e.g., IgA myeloma) o Liver disease, such as Laennec's cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis
79
Pentamer in serum; Monomer as a surface marker
IgM
80
Free state: Star-like appearance
IgM
81
Combined with Ag: crab-like appearance
IgM
82
Known as the macroglobulin
IgM
83
Most primitive
IgM
84
First to appear in phylogeny and the last to leave in senescence
IgM
85
First to appear/be made by infants
IgM
86
FIRST to appear after a primary antigenic stimulus
IgM
87
IgM GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria Example:
Wasserman antibodies, heterophile antibodies, RF (Rheumatoid factor), cold agglutinins and allohemagglutinins belong under this type of antibody
88
Formed in response to stimulus by GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria
IgM
89
Monomeric in (IgA1)
serum
90
Occurs as a dimer (IgA2) in
secretions
91
Secretory Component provides:
Mucosal Immunity
92
Mucosal Immunity
Prevents attachment of pathogen to mucosal surface Prevent enzymatic degradation of IgA
93
Found on unstimulated but immunocompetent cell
IgD
94
Postulated as anti-idiotypic antibody involved in a feedback mechanism to switch off B-CELLS
IgD
95
Location: on the surface of a B lymphocyte in association with IgM
IgD
96
Least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum
IgE
97
Heat-labile antibodies, originally called as Reagin antibody
IgE
98
Binds strongly to a receptor on mast cells and basophils and together with antigen, mediates the release of histamine and heparin from these cells
IgE
99
Mediates hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergies, and anaphylaxis, and generally responsible for an individual's immunity to invading parasites
IgE
100
Eosinophil recognizes the IgE attached to parasite to release Major Basic protein and Eosinophil Cationic Protein
IgE
101
Multiple epitopes per
one antigen
102
Depends on the (?) to which an epitope is more specific
antibody
103
Apply electricity in the serum to check for migration at pH 8.6 (alkaline)
Electrophoresis
104
Electrophoresis proteins
1. Albumin – primary 2. Alpha-proteins 3. Beta-proteins 4. Gamma-proteins – Immunoglobulins
105
Once Ab binds with Ag, Ag cannot create a toxic effect
Neutralize toxic substances
106
Some Ig can act as an opsonin
Facilitate phagocytosis and kill microbes
107
extravascular (outside of the blood vessels within the)
mononuclear-phagocyte system or reticuloendothelial system
108
intravascularly (within blood vessels though the)
action of complement
109
– antigen-binding site
Fab
110
fragment crystallizable or fragment constant
Fc
111
not capable of antigen-binding but can bind to cells (immune cells – B and T cells)
Fc
112
capable of binding or fixing the complement
Fc
113
each Ag has an Ab which alerts the immune system
Fc
114
T cell attaches to Ab → reticuloendothelial system
Extravascular
115
organs under RES:
o spleen – primary cell  Apoptosis o liver
116
Toxic and immediate destruction of the Ag
Intravascular
117
Stimulation of complement attaches to Fc portion leading to lysis
Intravascular
118
Receptors are located on the surface of the Ab-producing cell
EHRLICH'S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY
119
Different studies, the same idea
CLONAL SELECTION
120
Example: Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells
CLONAL SELECTION
121
HSC – able to produce different CFUs
CLONAL SELECTION
122
Erythroid – rbc Myeloid – granulocytes, monocytes, platelets Lymphoid – B and T lymphocytes (B cell matures into a plasma cell once Ag is encountered; plasma cell produces Ab)
CLONAL SELECTION
123
1 LC, 2 HC =
4 Protein Chains
124
can filter urine
Bence Jones Proteins
125
Bence Jones Proteins heated at 50-60oC → heated at 100oC →
precipitates dissolves
126
2 mols of sulfide
DISULFIDE BONDS
127
Complete antibody =
12 domains (2 LC [2x2] x 2 HC [4x2])
128
IgE =
14 domains (+2)
129
Cutting parts of Igs through enzyme treatment
FRAGMENTATION
130
Ags and Ig are monomer in nature
MONOMER
131
can bind 10 Ags at the same time
POLYMER
132
– larger complexes; particulate ag and ab
Agglutination
133
– smaller complexes, soluble ag, best precipitin or best Ab
Precipitation
134
Monomer Too small to cause an agglutination rx Participates with the use of an additional reagent – incomplete antibody
IgG
135
– smaller complexes, soluble ag, best precipitin or best Ab
Precipitation
136
↑ WBCs – abnormal in function
monocytic leukemia
137
Counterpart: Neutrophil
IgM
138
(counterpart: mast cells and basophils)
IgE Allergic reactions
139
(counterpart: eosinophils)
IgE Parasitic infections
140
Early onset or acute phase infection
IgM
141
More efficient than IgG3
IgM
142
Has a large structure – only needs 1 molecule of IgM to activate the complement (2 mols for IgG)
IgM
143
Best agglutinin – larger complexes
IgM
144
() – predominant type of IgA
IgA1
145
Additional Ig for newborns and infants
IgA
146
Breastfeeding mother can transfer (?) thru breastmilk to the baby (placenta for IgG)
IgA
147
Unknown function at first
IgD
148
control of immune response between lymphocyte and macrophages; has something to do with maturation of T cells
IgD
149
has surface markers of IgM and IgD
mature T cell
150
did not encountered and Ag
unstimulated cell
151
can interact w/ an Ag
immunocompetent B cell
152
To maintain homeostasis or balance Excess = autoimmune disorder (attacking of own cells, hyperactive, oversensitive)
Postulated as anti-idiotypic antibody involved in a feedback mechanism to switch off B-CELLS
153
2nd to greatest conc in serum
IgD
154
easily destroyed by heat
Heat-labile
155
mast cells and basophils granules
histamine and heparin
156
Eosinophil granules
Major Basic protein and Eosinophil Cationic Protein

IMMUNE 1 LEC (28 decks)

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