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REHS > Vectors of Zoonosis - Saraniecki > Flashcards

Vectors of Zoonosis - Saraniecki Flashcards

1
Q

define vector

A

any living creature that transmits an infectious agent to another creature

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2
Q

Define transmission

A

any mechanism through which an infectious agent is spread from a reservoir (source) to a living creature

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3
Q

Define direct transmission

A

immediate transfer of the infectious agent directly INTO the body - touching, biting, kissing, sex

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4
Q

What is vehicle-borne transmission?

A

a fomite contacts the person’s body via ingestion, touching the skin, introduced internally as in surgery, medical instruments, or treatment. Also water, food, blood

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5
Q

What is vector-borne transmission?

A

any living creature that transmits an infectious agent to another living creature

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6
Q

What is biological indirect transmission?

A

infective agent requires the arthropod to:
propagate the infective agent, be involved in the life cycle, or both - cyclopropagative
infective agent incubates in arthropod before insect is infective

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7
Q

What is mechanical transmission?

A

vector
carried on the exterior of the body of vector or passage thru the gut

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8
Q

What is transovarian transmission?

A

transmission to subsequent generations

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9
Q

What is transstadial transmission?

A

transmission within stages of life cycle

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10
Q

What is airborne transmission in regards to vecotrs?

A

infective agents spread as 1 to 5 micron aerosols or dust and enter thru the respiratory tract
either by droplet nuclei or dust

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11
Q

What are the direct modes of transmission?

A

biting, kissing, touching, sexual intercourse, croplets

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12
Q

What are the indirect modes of transmission?

A

vehicleborne, vectorborne, airborne

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13
Q

Define epidemic

A

there is an outbreak or many disease cases over a short time span

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14
Q

Define endemic

A

disease is prevalent/established in a specified area

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15
Q

Define pandemic

A

worldwide outbreak of a disease in humans in numbers clearly in excess of normal

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16
Q

Define zoonosis

A

disease of animals transmitted to humans

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17
Q

Define panzootic

A

worldwide outbreak of a disease in animals in numbers clearly in excess of normal

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18
Q

What causes malaria?
Genus/microorganism type

A

anopheles/protazoa

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19
Q

What causes dengue?
Genus/microorganism type

A

Aedes aegypti/virus

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20
Q

What causes yellow fever?
Genus/microorganism type

A

Aedes aegypti/virus

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21
Q

What causes Filariasis?
Genus/microorganism type

A

multiple types of mosquitos/nematode

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22
Q

What causes west nile virus?
Genus/microorganism type

A

Culex pipiens+/virus

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23
Q

How does a virus infect a mosquito?

A

virus must infect mosquito gut
then the body cavity
then propagate the infectious agent
finally, it infects the salivary glands

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24
Q

Can mosquitos carry HIV?

A

no, HIV does not infect mosquito cells and does not propagate in mosquito

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25
Q

Malaria
Microorganism type
Genus species
reservoir:
Transmission:

A

protazoa
Plasmodium falciparum: most severe malaria - coma and death, untreated case fatality 10%, drug resistant
Plasmodium vivax: most common, less severe
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: bite of anopheles mosquito
1700 cases annually, 7 deaths

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26
Q

What is the Western Malaria Mosquito?

A

Anophelese freeborni
rice mosquito
primary vector of malaria in the Western United States
found in clear fresh water, rice fields, and roadside ditches
feeds on mammals or humans
most aggressive at dusk or dawn

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27
Q

Dengue fever
aka?
Symptoms?
Where is it found?
Infectious agent?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

Breakbone fever
acute febrile viral disease with sudden onset and severe headache and bone pain
most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans
endemic to most tropical countries and US
infectious agent: Flavivirus spp
reservoir: human-Aedes aegypti cycle
transm: Aedes aegypti mosquito - day biting

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28
Q

Yellow Fever
symptoms?
Infectious agent?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

acute infectious febrile sylvatic viral disease accompanied by jaundice
infectious agent: flavivirus spp
reservoir: humans and Aedes aegypti cycle
transmission: bite of Aedes aegypti

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29
Q

Filariasis
Microorganism?
Infectious agent?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

lymphatic dwelling nematode
W. bancrofti
reservoirs: humans
transmission: mosquito bite

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30
Q

Encephalitis
definition
Vector-borne types? (3)

A

inflammation of the brain/spinal cord
Culex - St. Louis, Western Equine, West Nile Viruses
Aedes - LaCrosse (California) - tree-hole mosquito
Eastern equine - several mosquito species

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31
Q

West Nile Virus
Symptoms?
Agent?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

flu like symptoms, can have encephalitis
agent: flavivirus
reservoir: crows, blue jays, 198 other species, humans being dead end hosts
transmission: Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Psoraphora, + other species

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32
Q

What is the mosquito life cycle?

A

eggs
larvae
pupa
adult
in the summer, 10-14 days from egg to adult

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33
Q

At what part of their life cycle do mosquitoes breath?

A

larvae and pupae
larvae breath through spiracles on their 8th abdominal segment to the water surface

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34
Q

Where do culex lay eggs?

A

egg raft on still water

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35
Q

Where do Anopheles lay eggs?

A

single eggs on water

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36
Q

Where do Aedes lay eggs?

A

single eggs on soil or in a container

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37
Q

What is the best method of active mosquito control?

A

Larviciding

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38
Q

What is the best method for control of disease in mosquitos?

A

Adulticiding - kill off infected mosquitoes

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39
Q

What do fleas feed on?

A

Adults feed on blood, larvae feed on detritus found in carpeting

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40
Q

What is Precor?

A

an insect growth regulator very effective for control of larvae

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41
Q

What are the four general flea zoonotic diseases?

A

plague
Flea-borne typhus fever aka murine typhus
tapeworms (by ingestion)
flea-bite allergy

42
Q

Yersinia pestis
What is it?

A

Bubonic (black) plague
is transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea infected with Y. pestis that is hitching a ride on a ground squirrel or rodent
Category A bioterrorism agent

43
Q

Black plague
Transmission:
Reservoir:
common?

A

Transmission: Xenopsylla cheopis flea
pneumonic plague - person to person, inhalation of contaminated droplets, most severe form, 100% untreated fatality
reservoir: wild rodents
50-60% bubonic mortality

44
Q

Rickettsia typhi
Disease?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

murine or endemic typhus, milder to the louse-borne typhus
reservoir: rats and mice
transmission: infected rat fleas (usually X. cheopis)

45
Q

What are the four main tickborne diseases?

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Lyme Disease
Ehrilchiosis
Tularemia

46
Q

What do female ticks transmit? Not transmit?

A

transmit bacteria and protozoa
do not transmit viruses

47
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Agent?
Transmission?
Reservoir?

A

Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii - bacteria
Transmission: dermacentor spp
Reservoir: rodents
presents as rash and joint pain
needs to feed on blood for 4-6 hours before it becomes infectious

48
Q

Lyme disease
Caused by?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi - spirochete bacteria
reservoir: Ixodes ticks and wild rodents
Transmission: Ixodes ticks after attached for almost 24 hours

49
Q

What is PCR?

A

tehcnique used to replicate RNA/DNA in samples with minute amounts of RNA/DNA
allows for rapid and highly specific diagnosis of infectious disease
tests for Antigen, not antibody

50
Q

What is reverse transcription-PCR used for?

A

to identify gene expressions such as virility, toxin production, and contagiousness

51
Q

What is ELISA?

A

Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
detects presence of pathogen via antibody and/or antigen
does not directly identify pathogen

52
Q

What is PFGE?

A

Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis
genotyping pathogens
gives ability to trace pathogens from human to farm

53
Q

What is Whole Genome Sequencing?

A

more accturate than PCR and PFGE
detects more clusters/possible outbreaks, especially Listeria

54
Q

Tularemia
aka?
Agent?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

Rabbit Fever
Francisella tularensis - bacteria
Reservoir: rabbits, hares, muskrats, beavers
transmission: Bite of Dermacentor: wood tick or dog tick, or Ambylomma americanum
or handling carcass of infected host
just about any contact with F. tularensis

55
Q

What are the three types of lice?

A

pediculus humanus capitus - head lice
pediculus humanus corporis - body lice
pediculus humanus pubis - public lice aka crabs

56
Q

How long do adult louse live?

A

30 days
2-10 days off a host

57
Q

How are lice transmitted?

A

P2P direct contact or fomites
not transmitted via people-animal
body lice are rare but are seen during overcrowding, lay eggs in seams of clothes

58
Q

What is it called to have lice?

A

ectoparasitic infestation

59
Q

What are louse borne diseases?

A

ONLY P. h. corporis
Epidemic typhus
Louse borne relapse fever
trench fever

60
Q

Epidemic typhus
agent?
reservoir?
transmission?
Implications?

A

agent: Rickettsia prowazekii
reservoirs: humans
transmission: p. h. corporis via rubbing louse feces into bite or abrasion
implies overcrowding during was or disaster
category B bioterrorism agent

61
Q

Describe head lice infestation and treatment

A

pruritus and rash
transmitted from direct contact or fomites
complete their cycle in about a month
male and female feed solely on blood
glue eggs to hair (nits) more than 1/4 inch above the scalp
OTC insecticide now available

62
Q

What are bed bugs?

A

Cimex spp
associated with humans, control is difficult
no known diseases

63
Q

Filth flies
What is their role in diseases?

A

transmits diseases through indirect vector borne mechanical or biological contamination
can transmit bacteria and parasitic worms
important to find the source of the infestation

64
Q

Describe moth/drain flies

A

bodies and wings covered in numerous hairs
if crushed, they leave a powdery smudge
no proof of pathogen transmission

65
Q

Describe fruit flies

A

bright red eyes
transmit pathogens mechanically

66
Q

What is Myiasis?
Caused by?
Official term?

A

infestation of tissues of host animals with fly larvae (maggots)
fly larvae feed directly on host’s necrotic tissue
screw worm fly or blow and phorid fly
ectoparasites

67
Q

What are the five types of cockroaches?

A

German - most common in US found in kitchens
Brown-banded - love hot dry areas
American - largest roach, found in basements and steam tunnels
Oriental - basements, high humidity areas
wood roach - near woods, attracted to lights

68
Q

What is the best method for cockroach control?

A

Integrated Pest Management
sanitation
sticky traps to MONITOR
insecticides for larger pops
baits are most effective

69
Q

What are cockroaches relationship with diseases?

A

we are uncertain if cockroaches are responsible for transmission
they MAY have salmonella in their bellies, but we do not know

70
Q

What is FIFRA?

A

Fed Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act
regulates insecticides, rodenticides, etc

71
Q

What is required on a pesticide label?

A

General use label or restricted use - must have license
EPA manufacturer number
EPA registration number
readable label
tox I needs skull and crossbones
tox I II II needs first aid statement

72
Q

What are some organophosphates insecticides?

A

malathion and Naled

73
Q

What are carbamates?

A

insecticide - Ficam

74
Q

What is an inorganic insecticide?

A

boric acid

75
Q

What is a synergist insecticide?

A

PBO - Piperonyl butoxide - tank additive

76
Q

What is Pyrethrum/Pyrethrins?

A

most widely used natural insecticide in the US
active ingredient, pyrethrin, is extracted from chrysanthemum plant
unstable, 12 hrs

77
Q

What is Pyrethroid/Permethrin?

A

class of synthetic insecticides
chem structure is similar to pyrethrum
sun stable 30 days

78
Q

What is the home range of rats? mouse?

A

100-150 feet
house mouse 10- 30 ft

79
Q

Describe a Norway rat

A

Rattus norvegicus
brown sewer rat
has a blunt snout, shorter tail

80
Q

Describe a roof rat

A

Rattus rattus
long tail, pointed snout
likes to climb

81
Q

Describe a house mouse

A

Mus musculus
tail much longer than the body
small feet and head
NOT a reservoir

82
Q

What are methods of rodent control?

A

sanitation and rodent exclusion
snap traps
tamper-resistant bait stations
1/4” holes and larger must be plugged

83
Q

What are four single dose rodenticides?

A

bromethalin
cholecalciferol
zinc phosphide
red squill

84
Q

What are some multiple dose rodenticides?

A

brodifacoum
bromadiolone
chlorophacinone
diphacinone
pindone
warfarin

85
Q

What are the six rodent-borne diseases?

A

rat bite fever
salmonellosis
murine typhus
bubonic plague
leptospirosis
hanta virus

86
Q

Rat Bite Fever
Agent?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

Agent: Streptobacillus moniliformis
Reservoir: teeth and gums of many rat species
Transmission: rat bite, contact with urine or mucosal secretions, occupying rat infested buildings

87
Q

Rickettsia typhi
Causes what?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

murine typus aka endemic typhus - milder than louseborn typhus
reservoir: rats and mice
transmission: infected rat fleas X. cheopis

88
Q

Leptospirosis
aka?
Type?
Transmission?
At risk population?

A

Weil’s disease
spirochete bacteria
transmission: contact with infected urine of rodents, found in food and water
at risk: sailors, miners, sewer workers, fish mongers, poultry dealers, abattoir workers

89
Q

Hantavirus
Reservoir?
Transmission?
Treatment of affected area?

A

Reservoir: deer mouse and white-footed mouse
Transmission: aerosolizing agent in urine resulting in severe respiratory infection
found in heavily infested vacant enclosed areas that were disturbed
spray area with bleach sol’n, allow CT, then clean

90
Q

What are the two mite-borne diseases we should be aware of?

A

first, mites are not ticks
Scrub typhus
scabies

91
Q

What is Scabies?

A

parasitic skin disease where the mite burrows through the skin to deposit eggs subcutaneously
produces papules and vesicles usually at finger webs, belt lines, and other moist areas
only female mites burrow

92
Q

Describe Scrub typhus
symptoms?
aka?
Agent?
Reservoir?
Transmission?

A

sx - acute febrile disease with skil ulcer, headache, and profuse sweating
chiggers is the term used for the larval stage of the mite
Agent: Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
Reservoir: infected larvae of mites
Transmission: larvae bite ONLY, nymphs and adults do not feed on vertebrates

93
Q

Scabies
Agent?
Reservoir?
Transmission?
Incubation?

A

Agent: Sarcoptes sabiei
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: prolonged direct skin-to-skin, dirty linen
Inc 2-6 weeks

94
Q

Rabies
Causes what?
Transmission?
Common reservoirs?
Uncommon?

A

aka Acute Viral Encephalomyelitis
transmission: viral-laden saliva of rabid animal
common: dogs, raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes
uncommon: rabbits, opossums, squirrels, rats, mice

95
Q

Psittacosis
Agent?
Reservoir?
Transmission?
Symptoms?

A

aka Parrot Fever
Chlamydia psittaci bacteria
Reservoir: parakeets, parrots, sometimes poultri and pigeons
transmission: inhalation of dried droppings, secretions, dust from feathers
human sx - fever, URI, LRI, pneumonia
Cat B Bioterrorism agent

96
Q

Histoplasmosis
where is it found?
How is it contracted?
How is it cleaned up?

A

histoplasma capsulatum
fungus naturally found in soil
disturbing the soil puts spores into air, infects lungs
cleanup very involved, similar to asbestos cleanup
reservoir: soil enriched with bird and bat droppings
transmission: inhalation
found EVERYWHERE

97
Q

What are the four protozoan zoonotic diseases?

A

malaria
African trypanosomiasis
American trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis

98
Q

African Trypanosomiasis
agent?
aka?
symptoms?
reservoir?
transmission?

A

agent: Trypanosoma brucei - protazoa
human african sleeping sickness
systemic disease with fever, intense headache, enlarged lymp nodes, body wasting, fatal without treatment
reservoir: humans
transmission: bite of the Tse-tse fly

99
Q

American Trypanosomiasis
aka
agent?
reservoir?
transmission?

A

Chagas disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
reservoir: humans and 150 animals
transmitted: cone-nosed kissing bug defecates and bites face at night. People scratch and infect open wound or other mucosa

100
Q

Leishmaniasis
agent?
transmission?

A

Leishmania spp
disease of skin and mucous membranes
bite of phlebotomine fly (sand fly)

101
Q

Onchocerciasis
aka?
agent?
symptoms?
transmission?

A

aka River Blindness
Onchocerca volvulus - nematode
non-fatal, results in blindness
transmission: bite of female infected blackfly

REHS (47 decks)

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