Diseases 2017 Flashcards
What is the Colorado Tick fever caused by?
adult tick - Dermacentor andersoni
Dengue-like disease
What is encephalitis?
inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
What causes easter equine encephalitis?
mosquito - Culiseta melanura
acquired from wild birds, rodents
What causes St. Louis encephalitis?
mosquito - Culex tarsalis, Culix pipens
acquired from wild birds
What causes Western Equine encephalitis?
mosquito - Culex tarsalis
acquired from wild birds, rodents
found west of US rockies
What causes the West Nile Virus?
mosquito - Culex tarsalis
acquired from wild birds, rodents
found west of US rockies
How is Hepatitis A spread? What is the incubation period? How can you prevent it?
fecal/oral transmission
worst offenders are ready-to-eat foods
avg incubation 4-6 weeks
prevention - good sanitation, thoroughly cooked food, avoid shellfish (raw oysters)
What causes Hepatitis B?
blood borne
transfusions and sharing drug needles
What causes Hepatits C?
What is the incubation period?
blood borne
transfusions and sharing drug needles
10-20 yr incubation
main reason for liver transplants
What carries rabies?
What are the symptoms?
Incubation period?
bats, skuns, etc
headache, fever, paralysis, foaming, hydrophobia. later stages attack CNS
3-6 weeks
What are rabies treatment options and how is rabies verified?
duck embryo vaccine
rabies immune globulin
verified by examining brain for negri bodies
What causes Yellow fever? Symptoms? Famous case?
mosquitoes - Aedes aegypti
dengue-like
1900s Panama Canal epidemic
Describe the Hantavirus
deer mice are a vector
CDC level 4 disease
aerosol transmission of rodent excreta
prevention is rodent control
How is Vibrio Cholerae spread?
What are symptoms?
Incubation period?
fecal-oral
profuse watery diarrhea
2-3 day inc
How is Vibrio Parahemolyticusspread?
Incubation period?
contamination of raw foods of marine origin
<1 day inc
What is Psittacosis Chlamydia? How is it spready? Incubation?
Parrot fever
aerosolized inhalation infection
4-15 days in
What is Bacillus Anthracis?
How is it spread?
How can you disinfect?
Incubation?
Anthrax, spore forming
farm animal hides and soil, aerosol
prevention - control dust in hide processing
disinfect by using 10% formalin solution and 110F for 4 hours - process germinates spores and kills with formalin
2-5 day incubation
Describe the plague
bubonic plague - lymph, non-contagious
rat flea Xenophylla cheopis reservoir
pneumonic plague - contagious, deadlier, 50% fatal
2-6 day inc
What does Francisella Tularensis cause?
What is the carrier?
Incubation?
Symptoms?
Tularemia aka Rabbit/Deer fever
deerfly, non-moving ponds
1-10 day incubation
cut/abrasion ulceration, swelling, pain, intestinal pain
What does Brucellae cause? Names for different animals? How is it tested for?
Brucellosis
Humans - Undulant fever
Cattle - Bangs disease
Dogs - Kennel cough
tested with blue milk ring test
Define food infection
Give examples
caused by eating food containing live pathogenic organisms
fever, longer onset time, infects and grows in body
ex: Salmonella typhi, Listeria, Camp Jejuni
Define food intoxication
Give examples
caused by eating food containing a chemical hazard or toxic
no fever, faster, grows on food, produces toxin byproduct
ex: staph aureus, bacillus cereus, clostridium botulinum
Define toxin-mediated infection
Give examples
caused by eating food containing live pathogenic organisms that reproduce within the intestines and produce a toxin
same as enterotoxin
ex: E. coli, clostridium perfringens
Describe bacillus cereus
How is it a threat?
How can it be avoided?
Incubation?
What is it commonly associated with?
spore forming soil anaerobe
forms two enterotoxins - heat stable causes vomiting, heat labile causes diarrhea
50% of foods can be contaminated
prev: hold cooked foods out of danger zone (41-135F), refrigerated foods should be reheated quickly to 165F
12-24 hrs inc
associated with grains - rice and pasta
Describe Clostridium botulinum
What is it associated with?
How can it be avoided?
Describe classifications of outbreaks
What disease does it cause?
Incubation?
anaerobic, neutral pH, produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin
found in canned foods, smoked salmon, honey
toxin is heat labile by boiling for 15 mins
Outbreaks:
A - more lethal than B or E
E - Seafood
G - sudden death
causes floppy baby syndrome
inc 12-36 hours
Describe Clostridium perfringens
Where is it found?
How do you prevent?
spore forming anaerobe
prefers meat but is found everywhere, cafeteria bacteria - mexican frijoles
entero/exotoxin, heat labile
control with rapid cooling of meat, stir and cool in portions
Describe salmonella
How is it transferred?
Where is it found?
Incubation period?
What temp to kill?
salmonella typherius bacteria
rod, non-spore, gram neg
fecal/oral
turtles and pets can be carriers, also found in eggs and poultry
1 day onset
heat labile 130F
Describe salmonella typhi
How does someone get it?
How is it spread?
Incubation period?
typhoid fever
contracted thru contact with carrier, shellfish, water, fruit, veggies, dairy
spread fecal/oral - kids, pets, reptiles
1-3 week incubation
Describe Shigellosis bacteria
How is it spread? Destroyed?
Incubation period?
Shigella/Bacillary dysentery
heat labile
aerobic rod, waterborne, heat labile
feces contaminated food, fecal/oral spread
1-7 day incubation
Describe Staphylococcus aureus
How does it infect people?
most common form of food INTOXICATION
heat stabile, always present
illness caused from amount of TOXIN, not bacteria
entero/exotoxin
4-6 hrs
found in picnic foods
no fever, nosocomial infection, toxic shock
What does E. coli 0157:H7 cause?
How is it contracted?
What are prevention methods?
Hemolytic uremic syndrome - bloody diarrhea
caused by undercooked beef, 2 day incubation period
Prevent by cooking beef at 155F (15sec), 150F (60 sec), 145F (3 min)
What is the Norwalk virus?
How is it spread?
Where is it most commonly found?
most common cause of non-bacteria gastroenteritis
fecal/oral spread
found in water, fish, most common in salad bars
heat labile
What does streptococcus pyrogenes cause and where is it found?
Scarlet Fever
1-3 days
respiratory infection
found in food and milk
What does Camphylobacter jejuni cause?
Where is it found and how does it spread?
Incubation?
most common FBI in America, leading cause of diarrhea
soil bacteria in livestock intestine
cross contamination of veg/meat/milk/water
12-24 hr incubation
Where is Vibrio vulnificus found and what does it cause?
raw oyster/seafood
liver disorder
How is paralytic shellfish poisoning contracted?
What are symptoms?
shellfish ingest poisonous dinoflagellate - Gonyalax cantanella - during red tide
this is the most potent toxin to man, similar to toxic algae
respiratory failure or even death
What causes scromboid food poisoning?
What are the symptoms?
occurs when a person eats a type of scromboid fish held in temperature danger zone
scomboid fish species produce a histamine metabolized by bacteria
symptoms - burning taste, dizziness, cramps, diarrhea
What is ciguatera toxin?
Symptoms?
naturally occurring toxin that accumulates in the tissue of certain kinds of predatory reef fish
symptoms - nausea, vomiting, dizziness, chills
What is mycobacterium tuberculosis?
caused by exposure of bacilli in airborne droplets from sputum of infected persons
prevalent in overcrowded homes increasing possibility of communicability
What is Borellia recurrentis known as?
How is it contracted?
Incubation?
Relapsing fever
crushing of tick/louse into bite-wound
8 days
What is Legionellosis also known as?
What causes it?
Incubation period?
Legionaire’s disease
Pontiac Fever in kids
bacteria attaches to moist air in air conditioning units/grocery market mist
inhalation
5-6 day onset
1-2 days Pontiac
What causes Leptospirosis?
Inc?
aka Weil’s disease
contact with water contaminated by urine of infected animal (rat)
UV light can be used to detect urine in food, grease, and fat
4-19 days inc
What conditions cause Listeriosis?
Who are most susceptible?
Incubation?
Listeria can grow at 37F
meat, poultry, seafood, and dairy
pregnant women and fetuses are most susceptible
3hr - days
What is Blastomycosis? How is it contracted?
“Gilchrist Disease”
soil/plant/tree bacteria
contracted thru inhalation
untreated = fatal
What is does cadidiasis cause?
thrush/moniliasis/candidosis
skin/mucous membranes
ulcers/lesions
What is coccidiomycosis?
aka Valley fever
caused by inhalation of spores from soil/vegetation
flu-like symptoms
15-25 days
What is histoplasmosis?
How is it treated?
Darlings disease
soil fungus
caused by inhalation of spores
treated with 3% formalin disinfect
What is Tinea? What causes is?
Ringworm
mycotic species of microsporum and trichophyton fungus cause ringworm of scalp, nails, groin, body
trichophyton alone causes ringworm of foot - athlete’s foot
What does Coxiella burneti cause?
What is it’s significance?
Q fever
asymptomatic animals are carriers
transmitted airborne
considered the most heat tolerant pathogen and is used as a biological indicator in pasteurization of milk
What causes Lyme disease and what is an indicator?
tick borne illness
a spirochete bacteria
bulls eye rash
What does Rickettsia Proazeki/Mooseri cause?
endemic typhus
murine typhus
What does Rickettsia proazeki variation cause?
epidemic typhus/jail house fever
lice pediculus humanus
killed Napoleon’s troops
What does Rickettsia rickettsii cause?
rocky mountain spotted fever
bite of infected tick - Dermacentor/ambylomma
What does Rickettsia tsutsugamushi cause?
Incubation period?
scrub typhus
mite borne
fever/cough
10-12 day inc
Describe what scabies is
mite burrows into skin and deposits eggs
found in clothes/bedding
treated with Eurex cream
What does Entameba histolytica cause?
amebic dysentery
waterborne
two forms: durable infective cyst (ovacyst) or acute amebic dysentery (more fragile trophozite)
found in food water and milk
What does cryptosporidium cause?
How is it prevented?
Inc?
cryptosporidiosis
ingestion of cysts in fecal contaminated water - cattle runoff
resistant to Cl disinfection
coagulation removes 90-95%
2-6 month inc
Describe giardia lamblia
What does it cause?
How is it spread?
How is it prevented?
Giardiasis
flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia
contaminated water from mountain streams
can be spread fecal/oral from changing diapers
cysts may survive disinfection, organisms can pass through sand filters
water must be boiled and disinfected
What does Plasmodium vivax cause?
Describe indicators of the disease carrier
Incubation?
Malaria
carried by female anopheles mosquito
45 degree angle standing position
two weeks inc
What is trypanosomiasis known as and what carries it?
African sleeping sickness
tse tse fly
What is American trypanosomiasis and what causes it?
Chagas disease
cone-nose beetle carrier aka kissing bug
bug bites corners of human mouth
What is Schistosoma?
What causes it?
Where is it commonly found?
Incubation?
Swimmers itch
water contaminated with blood fluke larva
developed in fresh water snails
common with rice field workers
4-6 weeks inc
What is trichinella and how is it prevented?
Intestinal round worm
found in meats, especially pork
meats should be cooked at 137F for 15 m or 171F until no more pink
cysts can also be destroyed by freezing -13F for 10 days or 0F for 20 days
chemical treatment is most effective at earlier stages of disease
What causes vesicular exanthema and how is it prevented?
pigs consume infected garbage
cook garbage at 212 F for 30 mins prior to feeding
What causes onchocera volvulus?
aka River blindness
bite of female blackflies
lay eggs in swift moving streams
blackflies ingest microfilariae
larvae form and enter wound of bite
nematode enters optic nerve causing blindness
What is taeniasus?
tapeworm
What does tania solium cause?
Where is it found?
found in pork
eggs hatch in small intestines and migrate to striated muscles, eyes, CNS, heart
Where is taenia saginata found?
beef
stays in digestive system unlike solium
What is wuchereria?
How is it transmitted?
Elephantitis
nematode worm wuchereria bancrofti infects and remains in lymphatic system of host
transferred with bite of infected mosquito harboring larvae
