Vectors 2017 Flashcards
What is the lifecycle of a mosquito?
egg
larva
pupa
adult
How would you identify a mosquito larva that potentially harbors malaria?
what is this species called?
Anopheles
wiggle horizontally up and down
no breathing tube
adults stand 45 degree angle on flat surface
How would you identify a mosquito larva potentially harboring Western St Louis Encephalitis?
What is this species called?
Culex
lies at ~45 angle with a long breathing tube
How would you identify a mosquito larva potentially harboring Yellow Fever/Dengue?
What is this species called?
Aedes
short, thick breathing tube
relies on surface tension to stay afloat
What is a larval survey?
use long mosquito larvae dipper to not scare larvae, count sample
What are dry ice traps?
utilizes carbon dioxide as attractant for mosquitoes (such as piece of lard)
How do you control mosquitoes in large water bodies?
if possible, drain water
clear floating debris
larvicide breaks surface tension of water and kills larvae
What are some natural enemies of mosquitoes?
gambusia affinis (mosquito fish, consumes 200/day)
dragon fly (larvae eats larvae, adult eats adult)
When should pesticides be used on mosquitoes?
a last resort
these pose a hazard to the environment
How are adult mosquitoes controlled?
fogging (insecticide)
screening
bednet
protective clothing
repellants
Describe the common house fly
musca domestica
most dangerous for transfer of germs
breeds in feces (horse, pig, chicken, dog, man, NOT cattle)
can live up to 60 days
Describe a blowfly/bottle fly
breeds in dead animal flesh
attracted to substance called mercaptan
Describe a black blow fly
mechanical transmitter of diarrhea and dysentery
common cause of myaisis in sheep and cattle
commonly found in wounds or skin opening scars
life cycle 10-25 days
What is myaisis?
infestation of tissue with fly larvae
Describe a black fly
second only to mosquitoes for blood sucking characteristics - primarily femail
eggs laid in free flowing, fast moving water
larvae attach to submerged rocks
can transmit human oncocerciasis (river blindness)
Describe deer flies
Chrysops discalis
bites often painful/remain swollen
lay eggs in vegetation near still water
larvae develop in we soil/water
known to transmit Tularemia
Describe fruit flies
Drosophilidae family
breed in decaying fruit
nuisance in bars for fruit liquor bottles
What are the two best methods for fly control?
Sanitation
Larvae control
How can one induce biological/physical fly control?
introduce natural enemies
ex. bacillus thuringensis, bacteria that attacks fly lifecycle. Min 6” landfill cover prevents larvae from emerging
Describe aerial spraying of insecticides
conducted with airplane, helicopter
fixed amount per target area
How do fly cords and resin strips work?
chemical vaporizes which causes immediate death to nearby flies/insects
How effective is larviciding?
doesn’t work well because of depth of the larvicide cannot penetrate to kill larvae
What are some resistance factors with insecticides?
short reproduction cycle
evolve quickly
regularly switching formulas
How does screening act as an insecticide?
economical and effective
min 16 mesh gauge (16 strands/in)
How does electrocution work as an insecticide?
uses UV light
ex: zap trap
What are air curtains?
fly exclusion devices/fly fans
commonly used over delivery doors of food facilities
strong current of air provides barrier (min 1600 ft/min air)
How are sterile flies insecticides?
to control mass infestation, introduce sterile male flies for population control
What are domestic fly survey techniques?
non chemical fly capture method
baited traps
fly cone curves
fly grill curveys
What is a fly grill survey
Scudder’s Fly Grill
most common devide to determine local fly population and density
places on natural attractant manure or garbage then count number of flies landing on grill in 30 sec
What are the four domesticated species of cockroaches?
german
brown banded
oriental
american
Describe German Cockroaches
most common to invade home/restaurant
lays and carries eggs mass of 30-50 eggs called an ootheca
Describe brown banded cockroached
radio/TV roach
ootheca contains 18 eggs which hatch in 50-75 days
Describe an oriental cockroach
screams
“real” water bug
cannot climb (unlike brown banded and german)
ootheca carry about 8 eggs which hatch in about 60 days
Describe the American cockroach
largest
ootheca contains ~14-16 eggs which hatch in 50 days
fly often
Describe a Norway rat
Rattus norvegicus
most vicious/territorial
tails short and thick
burrow in ground
swim
Describe a roof rat
not vicious
agile climbers
long and slender tail
live in high places
Describe a house mouse
smallest of the three
long tail
live in any convenient place
short migration range
Describe Norway rat droppings
3/4 in
rounded ends
Describe roof rat droppings
1/2 inch
pointed ends
Describe house mouse droppings
1/4 inch
pointed ends
How can someone control rodents in a facility?
eliminate food source
proper contamination
rodent harborage site must be removed
plug holes and entrances (screens min 16-24 gauge, 14”)
How can someone provide adequate rodent proofing?
ventilation should be screened/sealed
piped no larger than 1/4”
trees and branches should not touch building
clean all dropped fruit/veggies/plants
How could one mitigate a Norway rat infestation?
Norway rat burrows at 45 degree angle
setup L shaped 4” thick underground concrete barrier
When should pesticides be used?
last method after proper sanitation technique
most effective
usually most poisonous
How are pesticides classified?
Route of absorption:
stomach poison
contact poison
fumigant poison
desiccants - release body fluid of insect by removing body silica gel, dries out insect)
How are insecticide chemicals classified?
in relation to lethal dose of chemical amount (mg/kg of animal body weight) where 50% tested population dies
What is the scale of chemical classification for insecticides?
highly toxic LD50 (5-50mg/kg)
toxic (50/500mg/kg)
moderately (500-1000mg/kg)
slightly (1000-5000mg/kg)
non-toxic (5000+mg/kg)
What is pyrethrum?
insecticide
LD50 1500mg/kg
natural organic insecticide produced from chrysanthemums
What is allethrin?
insecticide
synthesized form of pyrethrum
moderatley toxic
What are chlorinated hydrocarbons as insecticides?
mostly banned because they stay in environment for too long (DDT)
What is Lindane?
insecticide
LD50 150mg/kg used in low concentration to treat head live
What is DDT?
insecticide
LD50 500mg/kg
remains stable in environment for long periods of time
What is Methoxychlor?
insecticide
LD50 5000
used effectively against fleas
How do anticoagulants act as rodenticides? Provide 3 examples
ingested
causes internal bleeding
common ex: prival, warfarin, fumarin
What is a bait box trap?
bait with 25% anticoagulant in box
What are toxic poisons in relation to rat poisons?
extremely toxic
used in single dose applications
limited to pest control professionals
What is red squill?
natural emetics, causes animals to regurgitate
cause vomit to enter lungs leading to drowning
What is 1080 - rat poison?
Sodium fluoroacetate
resembles white sugar
extremely toxic
What is 1081 - rat poison?
Sodium fluoroacetamide
used in sewer systems
toxicity <1080
What is Nor-Bromide?
safest single dose rat poison
highly toxic to Norway rat
low toxicity to other mammals
What is Zinc phosphide?
rat poison
pungent, garlic, garyish/black powder favored by all domestic rodents
What is Paris green?
Rat poison
arsenic compound
What are organophosphates and carbamates in relation to rats?
rat poisons
central nervous system inhibitor
