General Knowledge - Komura (incomplete) Flashcards
What are the four types of particulates?
Dust
Smoke
Fume
Aerosols
Mists
Dust
1. particle size
2. sources
3. health effects
- 0.1 - 0.25 microns
- atmospheric, industrial, mining
- pneumoconiosis
Smoke
1. particle size
2. sources
3. health effects
- <0.1 microns
- combustion
- bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer
Fume
1. definition
2. sources
3. health effects
- solid particles generated by condensation from the gaseous state
- metals such as Zn, Fe
- fume fever, respiratory impairment
What are aerosols?
liquid droplets suspended in air over long periods of time
What are mists?
suspended droplets that fall out quickly
What are the types of dangerous gases?
toxic and corrosive gases
explosive and combustible gases
What are the four types of toxic and corrosive gases?
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulfur Oxides (SO2)
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
Oxidants
Carbon monoxide
1. Source
2. Health effects (two types)
- incomplete combustion of fuel, especially from motor vehicles
- has a greater affinity to hemoglobin than O2
acute - headache, dizziness, fatique, psychomotor imparment
chronig - damage to heart, may induce atherosclerosis (thickening of arteries - plaque build up)
Sulfur oxides
1. Source
2. Health effects
- combustion of fossil fuels
- as synergen with particulates, SCh has been associated with greater mortality and respiratory irritant causing pulmonary edema
Nitrogen oxides
1. Source
2. Health effects
- naturally occurring and from combustion of fossil fuels
- acute - respiratory irritant and can cause pulmonary edema as well as death
Oxidants
1. Source
2. Health effects (two types)
- produced in the atmosphere by complex reactions with other pollutants, especially oxides of nitrogen
- acute - pulmonary edema, decreased lung function
chronic - pulmonary diseases such as emphysema abd bronchitis have been observed in laboratory animals; may produce premature aging of alveolar wall
What are examples of other toxic and corrosive gases?
Chlorine, ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide
What are the types of explosive and combustible gases?
acetylene
butane
formaldehyde
methane
picric acid
Define synergistic effects
Two or more chemicals produce an effect different than either chemical produces alone
Define additive effects and provide an example
Two chemicals produce an effect approximately twice that effect of either chemical alone
Ex: cigarette smoking and air pollution effects may be additive
Define multiplicative effects and provide an example
Two or more chemicals produce an effect several times greater than that produced by either chemical alone
Ex: the risk of lung cancer by an asbestos worked is 8x greater than the smoker not exposed to asbestos and 92x that of the non-smoking non-asbestos worker
Define accelerator effects and provide an example
One chemical enables or enhances the toxic effect of another chemical
ex: soot, an otherwise harmless substance, becomes a powerful carcinogen because of its tendency to absorb carcinogenic agents and convey them into the tracheobronchial tree
What is direct transmission?
Direct contact with an infected person
What is direct transmission of a droplet?
exposure to and inhalation of respiratory aerosols containing infectious agent
What is indirect transmission via animate objects?
an animal vector inoculates the host with the infectious agent
What is indirect transmission via inanimate objects (three types)?
vehicles - food, water, milk, or other biological products through which an infection agent is transmitted to the host ie. potentially hazardous foods
airborne - particles harboring infection agents that are suspended in the air
fomites - contaminated objects harboring infectious agents
