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REHS > Private On-Site Wastewater - Saraniecki > Flashcards

Private On-Site Wastewater - Saraniecki Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biological Oxygen Demand?

A

BOD
the difference between initial dissolved O2 and a later period of time O2 sample
usually 5 days BOD5

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2
Q

What is Chemical oxygen demand?

A

COD
a measure of the amount of O2 consumed chemically by oxidation of organic and inorganic materials in water

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3
Q

Define domestic sewage

A

used water from a home or community - includes bath, toilet, laundry, kitchen

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4
Q

What is black water?

A

from WC, lavatory, privy

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5
Q

What is grey water?

A

all other domestic wastewater - shower, laundyr, bath - considered pathogenic

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6
Q

define point source pollution

A

any discernible, confined, or discrete conveyance from which pollutants may be discharged
pipe, ditch, well, vessel, vehicle

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7
Q

define nonpoint pollution

A

not a point source
is manmade/man-induced resulting in the alteration of the chemical, physical, biological, or radiological integrity of water

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8
Q

What is combined sewer?

A

storm water and domestic sewage combined in same pipe

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9
Q

What is a separate sewer system?

A

storm water and domestic sewage are collected separately

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10
Q

What are suspended solids?

A

solids that are visible and in suspension in water

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11
Q

What does the inlet baffle of a septic tank do?

A

directs the flow
minimizes turbulence
minimizes short circuiting

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12
Q

What does the outlet baffle of a septic tank do?

A

assures outflow comes from clear zone
holds floating scum in tank

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13
Q

What is the inlet and outlet baffle elevation differential?

A

3 inches

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14
Q

What do effluent screens do?

A

designed to keep larger suspended solids in the tank
control outflow rate
protect downstream components from larger suspended solids
replace outlet baffle typically
require riser to grade for access to screen for inspection, cleaning, replacement

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15
Q

What is the ultimate purpose of a septic tank?

A

24-72 hour watertight detention tank
conditions sewage to be more readily percolated into subsoil

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16
Q

What are the three main functions of a septic tank?

A

removal of solids
biological treatment
sludge and scum storage

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17
Q

What anaerobic digestion occurs and where does this occur in a septic system?

A

operates in anoxic environment
treats sewage
very slow process
happens in septic tank

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18
Q

Describe aerobic digestion and where does it occur?

A

treats sewage
rapid treatment proces
produces lowest suspended solid effluent
ex: aerobic treatment plant

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19
Q

What is generally considered in the system design of a septic system?
(5)

A

flow
waste strength
soil permeability - perc tests and soils investigations
limiting layer - high water table, bedrock
site geography - slope, lot size, etc

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20
Q

What is typical waste strength for residential aka domestic waste?

A

BOD5 and TSS ~200-300 ppm
ammonia ~60ppm

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21
Q

Describe a general percolation test method
6 steps

A
  1. dig 1x1 hole 24-30” deep
    drop 2” gravel at bottom of hole
    saturate hole 4 hours, let swell overnight
    slowly pour 12” water
    measure rate water drops every minute for fast soils
    test is complete when 3 rate measurements at 6”-5” level become relatively equal
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22
Q

What unit do you calculate perc rate in?

A

minutes per inch
needs at least 3 tests for average

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23
Q

What is infiltration defined as?

A

movement of water into soil

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24
Q

What is percolation defined as

A

movement of water within soil matrix

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25
Q

What does perc rate control?

A

infiltration rate

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26
Q

What are the four soil sizes and types?

A

gavel - >2mm grain
sand 2mm>0.05
silt 0.25mm>0.002
clay less than 0.002mm

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27
Q

What is loam soil?

A

contains sand, silt, and clay in many different proportions

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28
Q

What type of soil typically drains well?

A

Sandy soil with some gravel

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29
Q

What type of soil typically doesn’t drain well?

A

clay loam and clay

30
Q

What can you assume for soils that are yellow, brown, or red?

A

air and water pass through

31
Q

What can you assume for soils that are blue or grey?

A

saturated for a long time

32
Q

What can you assumed for mottled brown or red soil?

A

fluctuating seasonal high water table
poor aeration
unsuitable for septic system

33
Q

What can you assume for greyish soil?

A

iffy
generally unsuitable

34
Q

What is the limiting layer?

A

seasonal high water table
fractured limestone layer - dolomite
dense soils with little permeability
gravelly soils with fast permeablility
fragipan layers that restrict water flow and root penetration

35
Q

What does design flow determine?

A

tank capacity

36
Q

What does waste strength determine?

A

method of pretreatment - septic tank, sand filter ATP

37
Q

What do design flow in conjuction with application rate determine?

A

square footage of seepage area

38
Q

What sludge maintenance can be performed?

A

tank inspected annually
tank cleaned every 3 years or sooner
ATP if necessary

39
Q

What are some causes of septic system failure?

A

poor design
hydraulic overload - seasonal high water (tank floats), excessive water use, leaky plumbing
system abuse - flushing non-digestables or chemicals
system damage - baffles, soil compaction
improper connections
uneven settlement of system parts - piping, d box, tank

40
Q

What is ideal one-site wastewater treatment?

A

primary sedimentation
secondary treatment - flocculation with O2
tertiary treatment to remove nitrogen and phosphorous
chlorination
dechlorination

41
Q

What are common sewage-borne bacteria?
(7_

A

shigella
salmonella
campylobacter enteritis
cholera
yersinia
E coli
Enterohemorrhagic E coli (EHEC)

42
Q

Shigella (sonnei and flexneri)
Sx?
Common?
Inoculum?
Reserv?
Trans?

A

bacillary dysentery - bloody stool
450k us cases, 72% sonnei
small inoculum 10-200 colony forming unit
res: only humans
trans: fecal/oral, contaminated food and water, anal sexual contact, flies via mechanical

43
Q

Salmonelly typhi
aka?
common?
transmission?
similar to?

A

aka typhoid fever
NOT salmonellosis
400 cases, 21 min worldwide 200-600k fatal
trans: contaminated food or water - shellfish from sewage water, raw fruits and veg fertilized by nightsoil, flies
similar to paratyphoid fever which is milder

44
Q

Salmonellosis
agent?
reservoir?
trans?
implications?

A

agent: Salmonella typhimurium and eteritidis - diarrhea
res: wild and domestic animals, poultry swine turtles iguanas cats and dogs
trans: fecally contaminated water, p2p if diarrhea is presernt
implications: mass feeding and sanitation problems

45
Q

Campylobacter jejuni
aka?
reservoir?
transmission?
Can trigger?

A

Gastroenteritis - travelers diarrhea
most common us diarrhea bacteria
res: wild and domestic animals - cattle chicken puppies kittens

46
Q

Campylobacter jejuni
aka?
reservoir?
transmission?
Can trigger?

A

Gastroenteritis - travelers diarrhea
most common us diarrhea bacteria
res: wild and domestic animals - cattle chicken puppies kittens
trans: undercooked chicken, pork, raw milk, fecally contaminated food and water, p2p rare
can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome

47
Q

E coli O157:H7
aka?
sx?
res?
trans?

A

shiga toxin producing e. coli
often grossly bloody diarrhea
can lead to HUS and kidney failure
res: ruminant animals - cattle, goats, sheep, elk, infected humans
trans: raw or undercooked ground beef, sprouts, raw milk and juice, lettuce, dry salami, REI, petting zoos, raw human and cattle sewage

48
Q

E. coli - non special

A

enterotoxigenic
res: humans, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, horses
trans: contaminated food and water
aka travelers diarrhea

49
Q

Where is EPEC found?

A

enteropathogenic E coli
disease of infants via contaminated fake mothers milk thanks to contaminated water

50
Q

What is EIEC?

A

res is only humans
transmission from contaminated foor

51
Q

What is EAEC?

A

res only humans
infant diarrhea 3rd in world cause

52
Q

Vibrio cholera
common?
reservoir?
trans?
implications?

A

0-5 cases per year
res: mostly humans
trans: ingestion of food or water infected with the feces or vomit of infected humans, or raw or undercooked contaminated shellfish
implications: risk of ourbreak

53
Q

What are the common sewage-borne viruses? (5)

A

adenovirus
poliovirus
norwalk virus
HAV
HRV

54
Q

Hepatitis A
reservoir?
trans?
common?

A

res: humans and other primates
trans: fecal/oral, p2p, contaminated food and water
uncommon, vaccines available

55
Q

HRV
transmission?

A

Rotavirus
fecal/oral - nosocomial disease, contaminated food and water, contact with contaminated fomites
most common child severe diarrhea cause, 55k kids hospitalized each year

56
Q

Human Adenovirus
sx general?
res?
trans?
significance?

A

HAdv are the cause of a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases
reservoir: humans
trans: p2p, indirect contact via fomites, poorly maintained swimming pools
it is so common that it is about to become the new indicator for sewage contamination

57
Q

Poliovirus
sx?
agent?
reservoir?
trans?

A

viral infection presenting with acute onsite flaccid paralysis
Poliovirus genus Enterovirus
res: humans
trans: p2p fecal/oral, water and food rarely implicated

58
Q

What are the common sewage-borne helminthes?

A

ascariasis
ancylostomiasis
taeniasis
dracunculiasis
trichuriasis

59
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides
reservoir?
transmission?

A

large intestinal roundwork, few to no sx
res: humans, ascarid eggs in soil
trans: ingestion of eggs from soil or uncooked produce

60
Q

Ancylostomiasis
aka?
transmission?
sx?
prevention?

A

hookworm disease
most common roundworm of humans
eggs passed in human stools and hatch in the soil
larvae penetrate the skin then migrate to blood, heart, lungs
causes anemia and protein deficiency
prevention - sanitary sewage disposal and shoes

61
Q

Taeniasis
agents? (2)
reservoir?
transmission?
prevention?

A

Taenia saginata - cattle
Taenia solium - swine
reservoir: humans, cattle and pigs intermediate hosts
transmission: larval cysts from raw or undercooked infected meat, contaminated food or water
prev: keep cattle and swine away from human waste

62
Q

Dracunculus medinensis
aka??
where?
Res?
transmission?
control?

A

Guinea-worm infection, occurs in dry regions Africa and Asia
res: only humans
trans: ingestion of larvae from stagnant fresh water
infective dose: one cyst egg or larvae
control: filtration

63
Q

Trichuriasis
aka?
reservoir?
transmission?

A

roundworm
800mil worldwide
res: humans, mostly poor warm areas
trans: consumption of eggs that have previously passed thru the colon - raw veggies or dirt

64
Q

What are the four protozoa found in sewage?

A

Giardia lamblia
Taenia saginata and solium
Entamoeba histolytica
Balantidium coli

65
Q

Amoebiasis
agent?
reservoir?
trans?

A

Entamoeba histolytica - travellers diarrheares: humans
trans: cysts - contaminated food and water, oral/anal
cysts are cl resistant

66
Q

Balantidiasis
agent?
sx?
reservoir?
transmission?

A

Balatidium coli
protozoan infection of the color - diarrhea, dysentery
reservoir: swine and rates
trans: ingestion of cysts from feces of infected hosts

67
Q

Spirochete bacterial disease
aka?
caused by?
trans?
res?

A

Leptospira spp
Weil’s disease
spirochete bacteria
zoonosis of domestic and wild animals - skin or mucosal contact with infected water contaminated with urine
res: rats, swine, cattle, dogs, raccoons

68
Q

Methemoglobinemia
cause?

A

Blue baby syndrome
bacterial conversion of nitrate to nitrite
consumed by kids by contaminated well from ag runoff or powdered fake mothers milk and concentrated juices rehydrated with contaminated water
treat with 1% methylene blue

69
Q

What are biosolids?

A

undigested solids that must be periodically removed by licensed state haulers to either sewage treatment plant or landfill
ocean dumping banned since 1991

70
Q

How can raw sewage be treated in an emergency?

A

Lime:
estimated gallons = LxWxAvgdepthx7.5
20-25 lbs/1000gallons
slaked or ag lime acceptable, not pellets
confirm by testing pH - 12 or higher 30 min minimum

71
Q

Approved uses for reclaimed water?

A

irrigation (not veggie or herb garden without bubbler system)
street sweeping
power generation
fountains
fire protection
dust control
aquifer recharge

72
Q

What are the 4 manure pit dangers?

A

hydrogen sulfide
methane
carbon dioxide
ammonia

REHS (47 decks)

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