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REHS > Solid and Haz Waste - Saraniecki > Flashcards

Solid and Haz Waste - Saraniecki Flashcards

1
Q

Define garbage

A

putrescible waste
animal and vegetable waste
mostly originates from restaurants, markets, grocery stores, home kitchens

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2
Q

Define refuse

A

putrescible or nonputrescible waste
discarded or rejected
garbage, incinerator residue, recyclables

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3
Q

What is municipal waste?

A

non-hazardous waste from homes, commercial establishments, institutions, light industrial
excludes: industrial, ag residues, mining residues, sewage sludge

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4
Q

What is resource recovery?

A

collection and preparation of waste to be used as a raw material in the production or manufacturing of any product

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5
Q

What is not considered solid waste?

A

sewage
agricultural manures
crop residues
nuclear
mining residues

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6
Q

What is leachate?

A

liquid that percolates through the landfill through rain, indigenous water, bacteria
collected via pipes, geomembranes, geonets, geotextiles

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7
Q

What is a geomembrane?

A

impermeable layer of clay-like soil, rock, or dirt designed as the limiting barrier for the movement of liquids and gases

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8
Q

What is a geonet?

A

impermeable layer of strong synthetic material that provides a path for liquids to flow horizontally in a landfill

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9
Q

What is a geotextile?

A

permeable synthetic material usually used in conjunction with stones or sand to act as a filter
strengthens structure of pile and provides drainage path

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10
Q

What is an MRF?
What is achievable here?

A

Material Recovery Facility
35% recycling materials
95% energy saved from recycling aluminum cans

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11
Q

What is RCRA?

A

Title 40 parts 239-282
public law that creates framework for proper management of hazardous and non hazardous solid waste
Includes: CAA, CERCLA, CWA, FIFRA, FQPA, FFDCA, NEPA, OSHA, TSCA, SARA and many more

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12
Q

What are the four general programs in RCRA?

A

Solid waste - Subtitle D
Medical Waste - Subtitle J
USTs - Subtitle I
Hazardous waste - Subtitle C

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13
Q

What does Subtitle D dictate?

A

industrial and municipal solid waste
basic criteria for disposal facilities
state agencies implement

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14
Q

What is collection frequency for garbage?

A

residential - weekly, twice when warm, slums ghettos twice a week
one container cannot exceed 70 lbs
business - daily except sunday

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15
Q

Who regulates medical waste now?

A

Clean air act
FIFRA, DOT, OSHA, NRC, US Postal

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16
Q

Who enforces hazardous waste laws?

A

EPA or state haz waste agency

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17
Q

What is found on Hazardous F list?

A

non-specific sources
solvents, generic waste

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18
Q

What is found on Hazardous K List?

A

process waste from specified industrial processes
ex: wood preservation, inorganic pigments, explosives, pesticides

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19
Q

What is found on Hazardous P list?

A

acutely hazardous
ex: unused pesticides, organic chemicals

20
Q

What is found on Hazardous U list?

A

non-acute hazardous chemicals
unused natural and synthetic organics

21
Q

What are characteristics of hazardous waste? (4)

A

TRIC
toxicity
reactivity - water/air/heat reactive
ignitability - flashpoint<140F
corrosivity pH<2, pH>12.5

22
Q

When is mixed hazardous and non hazardous waste still considered non hazardous?

A

when hazardous waste either only has ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity

23
Q

What constitutes as CESQG?

A

Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator
less than 100kg hazwaste/month
not regulated by EPA
after 55 gal waste, must be shipped in 3 days

24
Q

What constitutes as SQG?

A

small quantity generator
100-1000kg/month hazwaste
EPA regulated
onsite accumulation 270 days or less if shipped 200 miles or more
180 days or less otherwise
limit 6000 kg

25
Q

What constitutes as a LQG?

A

large quantity generator?
more than 1000kg/month
onsite accumulation 90 days or less

26
Q

What are hazardous waste universal wastes?

A

small dry batteries
agricultural pesticides
thermostats containing mercury
paints, latex, oil based
lamps

27
Q

What are the 4 types of universal waste handlers?

A

small quantity - less than 5000 kg
large quantity - 5000 kg or more
universal waste transporter
universal waste destination facility

28
Q

What is a superfund?

A

regulates leachate and other releases of hazardous substances from abandoned haz waste sites operating prior to Nov 1980
also regulates businesses with 220-2000lbs/month
established trust fund to provide for cleanup when no other party around
administered by OSWER

29
Q

What is the valley method?

A

landfill
natural depressions are filled with refuse
best and most common option

30
Q

What is the area or ramp method?

A

in fairly level or rolling terrain, refuse dumped until it is leveled out or a mount is formed

31
Q

What is the trench moethod?

A

level ground
trenches excavated and refuse is deposited
mound at the end

32
Q

what are single liners?

A

one liner consisting of compacted soil or geomembrane

33
Q

What are composite liners?

A

subtitle d
single liner of compacted soil and geomembrane in intimate contact

34
Q

What are double liners?

A

subtitle C or haz waste - required
system with low permeability barrier layers with leak detection system in between
upper and lower levels either compacted soil, geomembrane, or composite

35
Q

What are the stages of solid waste decomposition?

A

aerobic stage - CO2, H2O, NO2
first anaerobic stage - O2 depleted
second anaerobic stage - CO2 and organic acids produced
CH4 fermentation - methane producing bacteria degrades acids to methane, Co2, pH approaches neutral and COD decreases
maturation - most acids used, CH4 less

36
Q

What is required for landfill coverage?

A

All solid waste covered by 6 inches daily
24 inch final cover

37
Q

How should small dead animals and septic tank waste be handles?

A

ideally incineration
placed in separate area and covered immediately

38
Q

What is the life cycle of a house fly?

A

larvae can penetrate 5’ uncompacted soil or through almost 6” compacted
egg - 8-16 hrs
larvae 3-6 days
pupa 3-7 days
adult 1-14 days

39
Q

What cannot be landfilled?

A

dioxin-containing wastes
spent solvents

40
Q

What must a landfill have for final closure?

A

vegetative cover
topsoil 6 in min
infiltration cover 18 in min
solid waste
cover/cap slope at 4 degrees for runoff

41
Q

What is exothermic incineration? Examples? (4)

A

thermal destruction by time, temp, and turbulence
mass fired combustors
refuse derived fuel fired combustors
modular combustion unit
on-site commercial and industrial combustors

42
Q

What is endothermic pyrolysis?

A

thermal decomposition of organic material through the application of heat in the absence of oxygen
hydrocarbon MSWs converted to high heat value gas
this energy is used to heat water to make electricity

43
Q

What is In-Situ virtrification?

A

electric current used to melt soil or other earthen materials at 1600-2000C or 2900-3650F
organic pollutants destroyed by pyrolysis
inorganic pollutants products captured with water vapors
final product is a chemically stable glass similar to obsidian

44
Q

What are some limitations on In-Situ vitrification?

A

cannot be used with buried pipes or drums
contaminants might migrate to clean areas
cannot be used near flammables
difficult to control
extremely expensive

45
Q

What is Ex-Situ vitrification?

A

accomplished inside a chamber
used to treat radioactive wastes before storage to minimize public from radiation exposure

REHS (47 decks)

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