Urine

Question 1

main causes of PUPD

Answer 1

-primary psychogenic
-PPID
-renal dx

Question 2

signs of uraemia

Answer 2

depression
poor hair coat
tartar

Question 3

acute causes of renal dx

Answer 3

toxicity
shock
immune-mediated
acute interstitial nephritis

Question 4

chronic casues of renal dx

Answer 4

glomerular dx
CKD
amyloidosis
neoplasia

Question 5

diet for CKD

Answer 5

avoid high Ca (alfalfa)
high carb diet

Question 6

causes of UMN bladder and LMN bladder

Answer 6

UMN: EHV-1
LMN: trauma, EHV-1

Question 7

non-neurogenic causes of urinary incontinence

Answer 7

cystitis
neoplasia
foaling

Question 8

foal incontinence most likely cause

Answer 8

ectopic ureter

Question 9

causes of haematuria

Answer 9

urethral tears
neopalsia
cystitis
urolithiasis

Question 10

3 barriers to mare repro tract

Answer 10

vulva lips
vestibule sphincter
cervix

Question 11

common causes for reconstructive sx in mares

Answer 11

pneumovagina
urovagina
perineal injuries
cervical laceration

Question 12

pneumovagina cause and sequelae

Answer 12

cause - poor perineal conformation, injury
sequellae - inf. of vagina, cervix, endometrium

Question 13

best time to examine for pneumovagina

Answer 13

estrus (repro tract is relaxed)

Question 14

tx for pneumovagina

Answer 14

Caslick’s vulvoplasty

Question 15

in a urovagina, where does vestibule/vagina move

Answer 15

into abdomen from repeated stretching of tissues that suspend repro tract forward

Question 16

tx for urovagina

Answer 16

1. caudal extension of urethral orifice
2. caudal retraction of transverse fold

Question 17

what age gets perineal lacerations? cervial lacerations?

Answer 17

first time.
older.

Question 18

1st, 2nd, 3rd degree perineal laceration

Answer 18

1 - mucosa, submucosa, skin of dorsal vestibule
2 - musculature of constrictor muscle (vestibuloplasty)
3 - rectovestibular laceration

Question 19

tx for 3rd degree perinal laceration

Answer 19

-AB, NSAID, tetanus protection
-Surfical repair of rectovaginal shelf (*wait 4-6 weeks before sx so doesn’t dehise)

Question 20

what is it called when you have tear between rectum and vestibule, but perineal body is in tact

Answer 20

rectovestibular fistula
(can convert to 3rd degree laceration to reconstruct)

Question 21

sx repair for cervical laceration if it extens more than ___% the length of cervix

Answer 21

50
3 layer closure

Question 22

most common ovarian tumor

Answer 22

granulosa cell tumor

Question 23

signs of granulosa cell tumor

Answer 23

absense of estrus (or unusual)
stallion-like behavior
increased muscle, cresty neck

Question 24

hormonal assay for Granulosa cell tumor

Answer 24

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

Question 25

each __minutes increase in duration of stage 2 labor past 30m is associated with 10% increase in risk of being born dead

Answer 25

10

Question 26

signs of stage 1 parturition

Answer 26

restlessness sweaty flank wathcing lying down, stretching

Question 27

when does stage 2 parturition start

Answer 27

rupture of chorioallantois --> watery discharge

Question 28

foals are usually delivered ___m after chorioallantoic rupture

Answer 28

20-30 *intervene if no progress after 15-20 minutes

Question 29

mare signs during stage 3

Answer 29

abdominal discomfort

Question 30

uterine involution takes how long

Answer 30

9 days

Question 31

options to manage dystocia (progress from one to the next if no progress within 20m)

Answer 31

1. assisted vaginal 2. controled vaginal (GA) 3. C section 4. fetotomy

Question 32

why elevate mare hindquarters in controlled vag delivery

Answer 32

make abdominal contents fall cranially

Question 33

uroperitoneum is most common in who

Answer 33

colts (newborn male) - longer ureter get squished in parturition

Question 34

uroperitoneum signs (not right away)

Answer 34

abdominal distension tachycardia tachypnea straining to urinate

Question 35

why is uroperitoneum so dangerous

Answer 35

high K, low Na penetrate thru peritoneum (semi-premeable) to heart

Question 36

tx for uroperitoneum

Answer 36

1. drain 2. fluids 3. sx repair of bladder (ventral midline)

Question 37

how many layers to close bladder

Answer 37

2

Question 38

what is patent urachus

Answer 38

urachus doesn't close/reopens at birth (ie: excessive traction) ==> might see urine dripping

Question 39

tx for patent urachus

Answer 39

cauterizing agent applied for several days

Question 40

urachus should atrophy after birth to form a scar on the ____.

Answer 40

apex of the bladder

Question 41

ublicial remnant infection could be an infection of what?

Answer 41

urachus umbilical artery umbilical vein

Question 42

an increase of width of umbilical arteries of more than _____suggests infection. increase of width beyond ____ of the umbilical vein suggests infection.

Answer 42

25 mm 10 mm

Question 43

can you surgically resect umbilical remnant

Answer 43

yes, may be needed if AB tx doesn't cut it