Urine Flashcards
main causes of PUPD
-primary psychogenic
-PPID
-renal dx
signs of uraemia
depression
poor hair coat
tartar
acute causes of renal dx
toxicity
shock
immune-mediated
acute interstitial nephritis
chronic casues of renal dx
glomerular dx
CKD
amyloidosis
neoplasia
diet for CKD
avoid high Ca (alfalfa)
high carb diet
causes of UMN bladder and LMN bladder
UMN: EHV-1
LMN: trauma, EHV-1
non-neurogenic causes of urinary incontinence
cystitis
neoplasia
foaling
foal incontinence most likely cause
ectopic ureter
causes of haematuria
urethral tears
neopalsia
cystitis
urolithiasis
3 barriers to mare repro tract
vulva lips
vestibule sphincter
cervix
common causes for reconstructive sx in mares
pneumovagina
urovagina
perineal injuries
cervical laceration
pneumovagina cause and sequelae
cause - poor perineal conformation, injury
sequellae - inf. of vagina, cervix, endometrium
best time to examine for pneumovagina
estrus (repro tract is relaxed)
tx for pneumovagina
Caslick’s vulvoplasty
in a urovagina, where does vestibule/vagina move
into abdomen from repeated stretching of tissues that suspend repro tract forward
tx for urovagina
- caudal extension of urethral orifice
- caudal retraction of transverse fold
what age gets perineal lacerations? cervial lacerations?
first time.
older.
1st, 2nd, 3rd degree perineal laceration
1 - mucosa, submucosa, skin of dorsal vestibule
2 - musculature of constrictor muscle (vestibuloplasty)
3 - rectovestibular laceration
tx for 3rd degree perinal laceration
-AB, NSAID, tetanus protection
-Surfical repair of rectovaginal shelf (*wait 4-6 weeks before sx so doesn’t dehise)
what is it called when you have tear between rectum and vestibule, but perineal body is in tact
rectovestibular fistula
(can convert to 3rd degree laceration to reconstruct)
sx repair for cervical laceration if it extens more than ___% the length of cervix
50
3 layer closure
most common ovarian tumor
granulosa cell tumor
signs of granulosa cell tumor
absense of estrus (or unusual)
stallion-like behavior
increased muscle, cresty neck
hormonal assay for Granulosa cell tumor
Anti-Mullerian Hormone
each __minutes increase in duration of stage 2 labor past 30m is associated with 10% increase in risk of being born dead
10
signs of stage 1 parturition
restlessness
sweaty
flank wathcing
lying down, stretching
when does stage 2 parturition start
rupture of chorioallantois –> watery discharge
foals are usually delivered ___m after chorioallantoic rupture
20-30
*intervene if no progress after 15-20 minutes
mare signs during stage 3
abdominal discomfort
uterine involution takes how long
9 days
options to manage dystocia (progress from one to the next if no progress within 20m)
- assisted vaginal
- controled vaginal (GA)
- C section
- fetotomy
why elevate mare hindquarters in controlled vag delivery
make abdominal contents fall cranially
uroperitoneum is most common in who
colts (newborn male) - longer ureter get squished in parturition
uroperitoneum signs (not right away)
abdominal distension
tachycardia
tachypnea
straining to urinate
why is uroperitoneum so dangerous
high K, low Na penetrate thru peritoneum (semi-premeable) to heart
tx for uroperitoneum
- drain
- fluids
- sx repair of bladder (ventral midline)
how many layers to close bladder
2
what is patent urachus
urachus doesn’t close/reopens at birth (ie: excessive traction)
==> might see urine dripping
tx for patent urachus
cauterizing agent applied for several days
urachus should atrophy after birth to form a scar on the ____.
apex of the bladder
ublicial remnant infection could be an infection of what?
urachus
umbilical artery
umbilical vein
an increase of width of umbilical arteries of more than _____suggests infection. increase of width beyond ____ of the umbilical vein suggests infection.
25 mm
10 mm
can you surgically resect umbilical remnant
yes, may be needed if AB tx doesn’t cut it
