Equine Resp 4 + 5

Question 1

Can a clinical exam pick up on low grade airway dysfxn

Answer 1

no

Question 2

is coughing indicative of LR or UR

Answer 2

LR
(but not in every LR case)

Question 3

why is auscultation less sensitive in horses

Answer 3

thicker chest wall

Question 4

what is the sump of the trachea

Answer 4

area around thoracic inlet where mucus can accumulate

Question 5

what about tracheal secretion is associated w poor performance

Answer 5

score 2+ 9 (large moderate blobs of mucus in trachea)

Question 6

does tracheal have complete rings

Answer 6

no –> can get tracheal collapse especially in ponies

Question 7

why isn’t US useful for lung parechyma

Answer 7

cannot image past air

Question 8

what cytology options are there to assess LRT

Answer 8

tracheal aspirates
BAL

Question 9

what would neutrophilia in BALF indicate

Answer 9

asthma
bronchopneumonia
lung abscess
pleuropneumonia

Question 10

what are 3 types of asthma

Answer 10

RAO
summer severe equine asthma
mild to moderate equine asthma

Question 11

what would eosinophilia in BALF indicate

Answer 11

lungworm
Idiopathic Pulmonary Eosinophilia

Question 12

what would erythrocytes in BALF indicate

Answer 12

EIPH
trauma during collection
neoplasia, abscess

Question 13

best method for getting tracheal wash sample

Answer 13

percutaneous trans-tracheal appreoach –> agar plugged catheter

Question 14

Syndrome 1 [neonatal pulmonary disease] Ddx

Answer 14

neonatal pneumonia
fractured ribs

Question 15

signs of neonatal pneumonia

Answer 15

pyrexia
tachypnea
crackles and wheezes

Question 16

how to investigate neonatal pneumonia

Answer 16

IgG (bc probably FPT)
C & S
US, endoscopy

Question 17

tx for neonatal pneumonia

Answer 17

IgG transfusion (if fpt)

cephalosporin (broad spectrum)

oxygen

Question 18

describe neonatal EHV-1

Answer 18

get in utero.
born w pneumoina.
die within a day.

Question 19

Syndrome 2 [bacterial resp dx in older foals/weanlings] - which 2 pathogens?

Answer 19

Rhodococcus equi

Strep equi var zooepidemicus

Question 20

Strep equi var zooepidemicus

Answer 20

mild pyrexia, nasal discharge

c.f. strep equi = strangles

Question 21

signs of Rhodococcus equi? where do they get it from?

Answer 21

wasting, pyrexia, resp difficulty

soil dust inhalation

Question 22

tx for Rhodococcus equi

Answer 22

doxy 6-8w [long to get granulomas resolved]

o2

*can self resolve, just monitor abscess size

Question 23

Syndrome 3 [acute infectious resp dx in adults] - what can cause?

Answer 23

influenza
EHV 1 and 4
Equine viral arteritis
strangles

Question 24

How does EVA present

Answer 24

asymptomatic (have to test for import tho)

Question 25

how does rate of spread and severity compare: influenza herpes strangles

Answer 25

Influenza > Strangles > Herpes

Question 26

how to rule out strangles

Answer 26

PCR of NP swab, GP wash, pus abscess

Question 27

tx/management for viral resp infection cases

Answer 27

isolate dust free feed from ground rest

Question 28

signs of equine viral arteritis

Answer 28

asymptomatic --> oedema, pyrexia, discharge

Question 29

how to dx strangles

Answer 29

PCR on abscess, NP swab, GP wash

Question 30

what is bastard strangles

Answer 30

bacteria lodge anywhere in body (LN, liver, lungs) seen in 10% cases

Question 31

possible sequelae to strangles

Answer 31

LN abscess, GP empyema, bastard strangles, vasculitis

Question 32

tx for strangles

Answer 32

-isolate, rest -NSAIDs -feed from floor -lance abscess, remove chondroids

Question 33

how to demonstrate freedom from dx after an outbreak?

Answer 33

test 30d after clinical signs end. if + tx and retest in 2 weeks

Question 34

why do we see purpura haemorrhage and organ failure after strangles

Answer 34

immune-mediated vasculitis

Question 35

signs of COPD (RAO, severe equine asthma)

Answer 35

coughing discharge effort heave line!

Question 36

which feed is best for RAO cases

Answer 36

haylage, pellets, or steamed hay

Question 37

what is best bronchodilator rescue IV drug!

Answer 37

atropine

Question 38

can clenbuterol be given IV, PO, or inhaled? salbutamol?

Answer 38

IV, PO inhaled

Question 39

can glucocorticoids be given as rescue drug for RAO cases?

Answer 39

no, shows improvement within 24hr

Question 40

which steroid licensed for airway inflammation

Answer 40

Ciclesonide (no systemic absoprtion)

Question 41

how is summer asthma different?

Answer 41

more severe, less responsive to tx

Question 42

tx for summer severe equine asthma

Answer 42

atropine then b2agonist steroids

Question 43

factors contributing to Mild to Moderate Equine Asthma MMEA

Answer 43

dust immunosuppression bacteria/virus

Question 44

how to recognize MMEA

Answer 44

cough/ discharge/ trachea mucus/ poor performance WITH NO CHANGE IN BREATHING

Question 45

should you give AB for MMEA

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

Frothy (bloody) nasal discharge + inspiratory crackles =

Answer 46

pulmonary edema

Question 47

what can cause pulmonary edema

Answer 47

L CHF volume overload Acute URT obstruction! interstitial lung dx

Question 48

tx for pulmonary edema

Answer 48

Furosemide IV Salbutamol inhaled O2

Question 49

causes of pleural effusions

Answer 49

R CHF penetrating chest wall wounds

Question 50

causes of pneumothorax

Answer 50

penetrating chest wall wounds fractured ribs SQ emphysema

Question 51

how to percussion and auscultation compare for pneumothorax

Answer 51

high percussion dorsally dull auscultation dorsally

Question 52

what to do for a non-dyspneic pneumothorax? for dyspneic?

Answer 52

ND: rest D: thoracocentesis, O2, analgesia

Question 53

aetiology of Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage?

Answer 53

capillary hypertension and rupture