Equine Resp 4 + 5 Flashcards
Can a clinical exam pick up on low grade airway dysfxn
no
is coughing indicative of LR or UR
LR
(but not in every LR case)
why is auscultation less sensitive in horses
thicker chest wall
what is the sump of the trachea
area around thoracic inlet where mucus can accumulate
what about tracheal secretion is associated w poor performance
score 2+ 9 (large moderate blobs of mucus in trachea)
does tracheal have complete rings
no –> can get tracheal collapse especially in ponies
why isn’t US useful for lung parechyma
cannot image past air
what cytology options are there to assess LRT
tracheal aspirates
BAL
what would neutrophilia in BALF indicate
asthma
bronchopneumonia
lung abscess
pleuropneumonia
what are 3 types of asthma
RAO
summer severe equine asthma
mild to moderate equine asthma
what would eosinophilia in BALF indicate
lungworm
Idiopathic Pulmonary Eosinophilia
what would erythrocytes in BALF indicate
EIPH
trauma during collection
neoplasia, abscess
best method for getting tracheal wash sample
percutaneous trans-tracheal appreoach –> agar plugged catheter
Syndrome 1 [neonatal pulmonary disease] Ddx
neonatal pneumonia
fractured ribs
signs of neonatal pneumonia
pyrexia
tachypnea
crackles and wheezes
how to investigate neonatal pneumonia
IgG (bc probably FPT)
C & S
US, endoscopy
tx for neonatal pneumonia
IgG transfusion (if fpt)
cephalosporin (broad spectrum)
oxygen
describe neonatal EHV-1
get in utero.
born w pneumoina.
die within a day.
Syndrome 2 [bacterial resp dx in older foals/weanlings] - which 2 pathogens?
Rhodococcus equi
Strep equi var zooepidemicus
Strep equi var zooepidemicus
mild pyrexia, nasal discharge
c.f. strep equi = strangles
signs of Rhodococcus equi? where do they get it from?
wasting, pyrexia, resp difficulty
soil dust inhalation
tx for Rhodococcus equi
doxy 6-8w [long to get granulomas resolved]
o2
*can self resolve, just monitor abscess size
Syndrome 3 [acute infectious resp dx in adults] - what can cause?
influenza
EHV 1 and 4
Equine viral arteritis
strangles
How does EVA present
asymptomatic (have to test for import tho)
how does rate of spread and severity compare:
influenza
herpes
strangles
Influenza > Strangles > Herpes
how to rule out strangles
PCR of NP swab, GP wash, pus abscess
tx/management for viral resp infection cases
isolate
dust free
feed from ground
rest
signs of equine viral arteritis
asymptomatic –>
oedema, pyrexia, discharge
how to dx strangles
PCR on abscess, NP swab, GP wash
what is bastard strangles
bacteria lodge anywhere in body (LN, liver, lungs)
seen in 10% cases
possible sequelae to strangles
LN abscess,
GP empyema, bastard strangles, vasculitis
tx for strangles
-isolate, rest
-NSAIDs
-feed from floor
-lance abscess, remove chondroids
how to demonstrate freedom from dx after an outbreak?
test 30d after clinical signs end.
if + tx and retest in 2 weeks
why do we see purpura haemorrhage and organ failure after strangles
immune-mediated vasculitis
signs of COPD (RAO, severe equine asthma)
coughing
discharge
effort
heave line!
which feed is best for RAO cases
haylage, pellets, or steamed hay
what is best bronchodilator rescue IV drug!
atropine
can clenbuterol be given IV, PO, or inhaled?
salbutamol?
IV, PO
inhaled
can glucocorticoids be given as rescue drug for RAO cases?
no, shows improvement within 24hr
which steroid licensed for airway inflammation
Ciclesonide
(no systemic absoprtion)
how is summer asthma different?
more severe, less responsive to tx
tx for summer severe equine asthma
atropine then b2agonist
steroids
factors contributing to Mild to Moderate Equine Asthma MMEA
dust
immunosuppression
bacteria/virus
how to recognize MMEA
cough/ discharge/ trachea mucus/ poor performance
WITH NO CHANGE IN BREATHING
should you give AB for MMEA
yes
Frothy (bloody) nasal discharge + inspiratory crackles =
pulmonary edema
what can cause pulmonary edema
L CHF
volume overload
Acute URT obstruction!
interstitial lung dx
tx for pulmonary edema
Furosemide IV
Salbutamol inhaled
O2
causes of pleural effusions
R CHF
penetrating chest wall wounds
causes of pneumothorax
penetrating chest wall wounds
fractured ribs
SQ emphysema
how to percussion and auscultation compare for pneumothorax
high percussion dorsally
dull auscultation dorsally
what to do for a non-dyspneic pneumothorax? for dyspneic?
ND: rest
D: thoracocentesis, O2, analgesia
aetiology of Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage?
capillary hypertension and rupture
