Equine Cardio 1 and 2

Question 1

what is the most likely cardiac cause of poor perforamce

Answer 1

arrhythmia

Question 2

what kind of heart issue would require a prolonged halter ECG

Answer 2

episodic

Question 3

what kind of arrhythmias might be considered normal

Answer 3

bradyarrhythmia
sinus arrhythmia
AV block

Question 4

pathological bradycardia < __ bpm

Answer 4

24

Question 5

tx for bradycardia

Answer 5

-glucocorticoids
-parasympathomilytic (atropine)
-sympathomimetic (clenbuterol)
-pacemaker

Question 6

what is the purpose of glucocorticoids in bradycardia

Answer 6

reduce inflammation causing it

Question 7

What is ectopy?

Answer 7

premature beats
[either from A, V, or junction]

Question 8

Which type of ectopy is most concerning? {more likely to cause sudden death}

Answer 8

Ventricular

Question 9

an early beat preceded by a p wave would indicate which type of ectopy

Answer 9

atrial

Question 10

what is the risk of Premature Atrial Complexes

Answer 10

triggers AF

Question 11

which type of ectopy is a premature beat not preceded by p wave

Answer 11

Premature Ventricular Complex

Question 12

morphology of PVC on ECG

Answer 12

wide and bizarre

Question 13

when should a PVC concern you?

Answer 13

-Aortic regurg
-Cardiac signs (syncope, collapse)
-PVC are frequent, don’t go away w exercise
-enlarged ventricle

Question 14

describe atrial fibrillation on ECG (common)

Answer 14

-Irregular RR intervals
-Normal QRS
-No p waves

Question 15

because AF causes not all blood to be emptied from atria, we lose approx __% of cardiac output

Answer 15

20

Question 16

how to tx Atrial fibrillation

Answer 16

quinidine sulphate OR
elelctrocardioversion (TVEC)

Question 17

when can you not tx atrial fibrillation

Answer 17

if o accept poor performance +
no evidence of ectopy

*most horses get AF bc large hearts w high vagal tone –> decide if its secondary to significant cardiac dx

Question 18

common complications w quinidine sulphate?
(pro: cheap)

Answer 18

colic,
D,
tachycardia,
dull

Question 19

describe quinidine sulpahte administration

Answer 19

Stomach Tube (indwelling tube) q2hr unti convert

*want IV access

Question 20

Describe TVEC procedure

Answer 20

place introducers and catheters
xray
anesthesia
shock

Question 21

name some mechanisms for murmurs

Answer 21

Increased velocity
Decreased viscosity
Decreased vessel diameter
Regurg
Abnormal communication

Question 22

Systole vs diastole

Answer 22

systole = ventricular ejection
diastole = ventricular filling

Question 23

is aortic regurg a systolic or diastolic murmur?

Answer 23

diastolic

Question 24

2 murmus for systole L and for R

Answer 24

L: aortic ejection, mitral regurg

R: tricuspid regurg, VSD

Question 25

are long or short murmurs more significant?

Answer 25

long (goes all the way thru systole)

Question 26

causes of mitral regurg

Answer 26

-athletic
-endocarditis
-fibrosis
-ruptured chordae tendinae

Question 27

consequence of mitral regurg

Answer 27

LHS volume overload,

pulmonary edema/ EIPH

Question 28

what is the most common site for valve pathology

Answer 28

aorta

Question 29

is aortic murmur short or long

Answer 29

long

Question 30

what might lead to aortic regurg

Answer 30

degenerative lesions
endocarditis
VSD

Question 31

aortic regurg can cause __ sided volume overload

Answer 31

LV

Question 32

does bounding pulse indicate severity in aortic regurg

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

describe pathogenesis of severe aortic insufficiency

Answer 33

-LV overload

-increased systolic pressure

-decreased diastolic pressure

-increased difference –> hyperkinetic pulse

Question 34

other cardiac sequelae to aortic regurg

Answer 34

ventricular arrhythmias

mitral insufficiency

Question 35

key difference between pathological and physiolgical murmurs

Answer 35

pathological varies more - gets worse w exercise

Question 36

AV valve regurg - does intensity correlate w degree?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

VSD - does intensity correlate w degree?

Answer 37

no

Question 38

how to distinguish TR from VSD when you hear heart murmur on RHS

Answer 38

TR in athletic horses

VSD in ponies

*but scan to check