Equine Cardio 1 and 2 Flashcards
what is the most likely cardiac cause of poor perforamce
arrhythmia
what kind of heart issue would require a prolonged halter ECG
episodic
what kind of arrhythmias might be considered normal
bradyarrhythmia
sinus arrhythmia
AV block
pathological bradycardia < __ bpm
24
tx for bradycardia
-glucocorticoids
-parasympathomilytic (atropine)
-sympathomimetic (clenbuterol)
-pacemaker
what is the purpose of glucocorticoids in bradycardia
reduce inflammation causing it
What is ectopy?
premature beats
[either from A, V, or junction]
Which type of ectopy is most concerning? {more likely to cause sudden death}
Ventricular
an early beat preceded by a p wave would indicate which type of ectopy
atrial
what is the risk of Premature Atrial Complexes
triggers AF
which type of ectopy is a premature beat not preceded by p wave
Premature Ventricular Complex
morphology of PVC on ECG
wide and bizarre
when should a PVC concern you?
-Aortic regurg
-Cardiac signs (syncope, collapse)
-PVC are frequent, don’t go away w exercise
-enlarged ventricle
describe atrial fibrillation on ECG (common)
-Irregular RR intervals
-Normal QRS
-No p waves
because AF causes not all blood to be emptied from atria, we lose approx __% of cardiac output
20
how to tx Atrial fibrillation
quinidine sulphate OR
elelctrocardioversion (TVEC)
when can you not tx atrial fibrillation
if o accept poor performance +
no evidence of ectopy
*most horses get AF bc large hearts w high vagal tone –> decide if its secondary to significant cardiac dx
common complications w quinidine sulphate?
(pro: cheap)
colic,
D,
tachycardia,
dull
describe quinidine sulpahte administration
Stomach Tube (indwelling tube) q2hr unti convert
*want IV access
Describe TVEC procedure
place introducers and catheters
xray
anesthesia
shock
name some mechanisms for murmurs
Increased velocity
Decreased viscosity
Decreased vessel diameter
Regurg
Abnormal communication
Systole vs diastole
systole = ventricular ejection
diastole = ventricular filling
is aortic regurg a systolic or diastolic murmur?
diastolic
2 murmus for systole L and for R
L: aortic ejection, mitral regurg
R: tricuspid regurg, VSD
are long or short murmurs more significant?
long (goes all the way thru systole)
causes of mitral regurg
-athletic
-endocarditis
-fibrosis
-ruptured chordae tendinae
consequence of mitral regurg
LHS volume overload,
pulmonary edema/ EIPH
what is the most common site for valve pathology
aorta
is aortic murmur short or long
long
what might lead to aortic regurg
degenerative lesions
endocarditis
VSD
aortic regurg can cause __ sided volume overload
LV
does bounding pulse indicate severity in aortic regurg
yes
describe pathogenesis of severe aortic insufficiency
-LV overload
-increased systolic pressure
-decreased diastolic pressure
-increased difference –> hyperkinetic pulse
other cardiac sequelae to aortic regurg
ventricular arrhythmias
mitral insufficiency
key difference between pathological and physiolgical murmurs
pathological varies more - gets worse w exercise
AV valve regurg - does intensity correlate w degree?
yes
VSD - does intensity correlate w degree?
no
how to distinguish TR from VSD when you hear heart murmur on RHS
TR in athletic horses
VSD in ponies
*but scan to check
