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Equine > Equine Liver and Weight > Flashcards

Equine Liver and Weight Flashcards

1
Q

mechanisms of bilirubin leading to icterus

A

decreased excretion (liver, biliary dx)
increased production (haemolytic anaemia)
impaired conjugation (liver dx)

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2
Q

which leads to more pronounced jaundice: conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin? acute vs chronic liver dx?

A

conjugated
acute

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3
Q

What are the 2 hepatocyte derived enzymes?

A

GLDH (liver specific)
AST (non-liver specific)

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4
Q

What are the 2 biliary trat derived enzymes?

A

GGT (liver specific)
AP (non-liver specific)

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5
Q

what does PCV and RBC tell you about liver status

A

haemolysis

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6
Q

most common cause of chronic liver dx in horses in UK

A

ragwort (cumulative effects)

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7
Q

pathology appearance for ragowrt

A

biliary hyperplasia
central vein occlusions

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8
Q

megalocytes

A

large RBC associated w ragwort

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9
Q

list some Ddx for liver dx

A

Ragwort
Cholangiohepatitis
Haemachromatosis
Abscess
Aflotoxicosis
Neoplasia
Fluke

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10
Q

pathogenesis of cholangiohepatitis?

A

intestinal reflux up bile ducts ==> inflammation & infection

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11
Q

BW signs for cholangioheptatits? tx?

A

increased bilirubin
increased GGT.

antimicrobial

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12
Q

what is Haemachromatosis

A

excessive iron accumulation in liver –> fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia

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13
Q

what can cause haemachromatosis

A

excessive iron supplements or sporadic

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14
Q

is liver cancer common in horses

A

no

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15
Q

tx for fluke

A

triclabendazole

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16
Q

Hyperlipaemia is often seen as a response to

A

stress or NEB

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17
Q

adipose tissue releases __ that infiltrate the organs and cause secondary liver damage

A

TGs

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18
Q

signs of hyperlipaemia

A

anorexia
depression
CNS (circling, seizure)
ventral edema

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19
Q

dx of hyperlipaemia

A

high TG in blood + fatty looking plasma

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20
Q

signs of liver dx show when ____% of hepatocytes are destroyed. It may have a history of what?

A

60-70
weight loss, low appetite

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21
Q

signs of liver dx

A

depression
anorexia
weight loss
abdominal pain
photosensitization, pruritis
HE (+/- bilateral laryngeal paralysis)
coagulopathy

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22
Q

will liver cases show hyper or hypo glycaemic

A

usually hyper

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23
Q

Liver enzymes indicate damage. Which values indicate function

A

bile acids
bilirubin
ammonia

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24
Q

why does acute liver dx have better prognosis than chronic

A

less fibrosis

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25
Q

diet for liver cases

A

high carb

26
Q

which liver issues would antibiotic be needed

A

cholangitis
abscess

27
Q

what condition would tracheostomy be needed

A

HE (bilateral laryngeal paralysis)

28
Q

how to reduce GI absorption of potential toxins

A

liquid paraffin
lactulose

29
Q

for EGS: which nervous system determines prognosis/severity of the dx

A

enteric

30
Q

signs of EGS: ANS?

A

tachycardia
dysphagia
salivation
bilateral ptosis
sweating
rhinitis sicca (pathonumonic)

31
Q

signs of EGS: ENS?

A

gastric reflux
firm, mucusy poo

32
Q

risk factors for EGS

A

Young adult
Grazing, feed change
Frequent anthelmintics

33
Q

which cases of EGS are not always fatal

A

chronic (50%)

34
Q

short term measure tell horse for horse that may have EGS

A

take off grazing

35
Q

does liver dx cause low albumin (–> edema) in the horse?

A

rarely
(protein loss through GIT is most common reason for low protein)

36
Q

where on belly to do abdominocentesis

A

lowest point of midline

37
Q

indication for rectal biopsy?

A

low albumin

38
Q

non specific tx of weight loss

A

assess medications
prednisolone?
high E diet
anthelmintics

39
Q

how can meds lead to weight loss? examples

A

phenylbutazone = colitis
AB = dysbiosis

40
Q

what is laminitis

A

breakdown of hoof/lamellar bond

41
Q

predisposition for laminitis?

A

obese
PPID
inflammation
PPID

42
Q

triggers for laminitis?

A

insulin
change in blood flow
inflammation

43
Q

mechanisms leading to laminitis?

A

lack of glucose/oxygen
protein breakdown
inflammation

44
Q

what’re the 3 types of laminitis

A

Endocrinopathic (85%)
Inflammatory
Concussive

45
Q

Endocrinopathic laminitis can be related to Insulin Resistence. What might cause this?

A
  1. Genetics (ponies)
  2. Obesity
  3. PPID
46
Q

what is PPID?

A

Equine Cushing’s Disease (ECD):
excess cortisol (–> antagonizes insulin)

47
Q

what age gets PPID

A

prevelence increases w age

48
Q

is PPID pituitary, adrenal, or iatrogenic?

A

pituitary

49
Q

signs of PPID

A

-Fluffy fur
-Prone to laminitis/infections
-Fat redistributions
-PUPD
-Sweating

50
Q

what is hirsutism

A

hairiness, start w retained winter coat

51
Q

where does fat deposit in re-distribution of PPID

A

above eyes
crest of neck
sheath/mammary region

52
Q

how to dx PPID

A

resting ACTH

TRH response test (if still needed)

53
Q

what would be an abnormal response to the glucose insulin test

A

glucose stays high, but jumps up and down

54
Q

conservative tx for PPID?

A

-clip hair
-tx secondary infections
-monitor weight, teeth
-prevent laminitis

55
Q

tx for PPID?

A

-dopamine agonist (Pergolide)

-serotonin antagonist

-trilostane

56
Q

how does dopamine and 5HT (serotonin) affect ACTH

A

dopamine has negative feedback
5HT has positive feedback

57
Q

poor prognostic indicators for PPID

A

laminitits
weight loss
secondary DM
not responding to tx

58
Q

protocol for recurrent laminitis?

A
  1. rule out PPID/ exam
  2. resting metabolic bloods (assess insulin)
  3. dynamic tests
59
Q

what factors can led to insulin dysregulation and hence endocrinopathic laminitis

A

genetics
PPID
obesity
iatrogenic steroids
stress

60
Q

who gets Equine Cushing’s Disease (PPID)

A

older ponies

61
Q

which cell type in the Pars Intermedia leads to overproduction of ACTH going to the adrenal gland

A

Melanotropes (no negative feedback)

62
Q

clinical signs of poo

A

Equine (38 decks)

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