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Equine > Equine Liver and Weight > Flashcards

Equine Liver and Weight Flashcards

1
Q

mechanisms of bilirubin leading to icterus

A

decreased excretion (liver, biliary dx)
increased production (haemolytic anaemia)
impaired conjugation (liver dx)

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2
Q

which leads to more pronounced jaundice: conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin? acute vs chronic liver dx?

A

conjugated
acute

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3
Q

What are the 2 hepatocyte derived enzymes?

A

GLDH (liver specific)
AST (non-liver specific)

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4
Q

What are the 2 biliary trat derived enzymes?

A

GGT (liver specific)
AP (non-liver specific)

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5
Q

what does PCV and RBC tell you about liver status

A

haemolysis

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6
Q

most common cause of chronic liver dx in horses in UK

A

ragwort (cumulative effects)

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7
Q

pathology appearance for ragowrt

A

biliary hyperplasia
central vein occlusions

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8
Q

megalocytes

A

large RBC associated w ragwort

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9
Q

list some Ddx for liver dx

A

Ragwort
Cholangiohepatitis
Haemachromatosis
Abscess
Aflotoxicosis
Neoplasia
Fluke

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10
Q

pathogenesis of cholangiohepatitis?

A

intestinal reflux up bile ducts ==> inflammation & infection

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11
Q

BW signs for cholangioheptatits? tx?

A

increased bilirubin
increased GGT.

antimicrobial

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12
Q

what is Haemachromatosis

A

excessive iron accumulation in liver –> fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia

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13
Q

what can cause haemachromatosis

A

excessive iron supplements or sporadic

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14
Q

is liver cancer common in horses

A

no

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15
Q

tx for fluke

A

triclabendazole

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16
Q

Hyperlipaemia is often seen as a response to

A

stress or NEB

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17
Q

adipose tissue releases __ that infiltrate the organs and cause secondary liver damage

A

TGs

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18
Q

signs of hyperlipaemia

A

anorexia
depression
CNS (circling, seizure)
ventral edema

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19
Q

dx of hyperlipaemia

A

high TG in blood + fatty looking plasma

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20
Q

signs of liver dx show when ____% of hepatocytes are destroyed. It may have a history of what?

A

60-70
weight loss, low appetite

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21
Q

signs of liver dx

A

depression
anorexia
weight loss
abdominal pain
photosensitization, pruritis
HE (+/- bilateral laryngeal paralysis)
coagulopathy

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22
Q

will liver cases show hyper or hypo glycaemic

A

usually hyper

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23
Q

Liver enzymes indicate damage. Which values indicate function

A

bile acids
bilirubin
ammonia

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24
Q

why does acute liver dx have better prognosis than chronic

A

less fibrosis

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25
diet for liver cases
high carb
26
which liver issues would antibiotic be needed
cholangitis abscess
27
what condition would tracheostomy be needed
HE (bilateral laryngeal paralysis)
28
how to reduce GI absorption of potential toxins
liquid paraffin lactulose
29
for EGS: which nervous system determines prognosis/severity of the dx
enteric
30
signs of EGS: ANS?
tachycardia dysphagia salivation bilateral ptosis sweating rhinitis sicca (pathonumonic)
31
signs of EGS: ENS?
gastric reflux firm, mucusy poo
32
risk factors for EGS
Young adult Grazing, feed change Frequent anthelmintics
33
which cases of EGS are not always fatal
chronic (50%)
34
short term measure tell horse for horse that may have EGS
take off grazing
35
does liver dx cause low albumin (--> edema) in the horse?
rarely (protein loss through GIT is most common reason for low protein)
36
where on belly to do abdominocentesis
lowest point of midline
37
indication for rectal biopsy?
low albumin
38
non specific tx of weight loss
assess medications prednisolone? high E diet anthelmintics
39
how can meds lead to weight loss? examples
phenylbutazone = colitis AB = dysbiosis
40
what is laminitis
breakdown of hoof/lamellar bond
41
predisposition for laminitis?
obese PPID inflammation PPID
42
triggers for laminitis?
insulin change in blood flow inflammation
43
mechanisms leading to laminitis?
lack of glucose/oxygen protein breakdown inflammation
44
what're the 3 types of laminitis
Endocrinopathic (85%) Inflammatory Concussive
45
Endocrinopathic laminitis can be related to Insulin Resistence. What might cause this?
1. Genetics (ponies) 2. Obesity 3. PPID
46
what is PPID?
Equine Cushing's Disease (ECD): excess cortisol (--> antagonizes insulin)
47
what age gets PPID
prevelence increases w age
48
is PPID pituitary, adrenal, or iatrogenic?
pituitary
49
signs of PPID
-Fluffy fur -Prone to laminitis/infections -Fat redistributions -PUPD -Sweating
50
what is hirsutism
hairiness, start w retained winter coat
51
where does fat deposit in re-distribution of PPID
above eyes crest of neck sheath/mammary region
52
how to dx PPID
resting ACTH TRH response test (if still needed)
53
what would be an abnormal response to the glucose insulin test
glucose stays high, but jumps up and down
54
conservative tx for PPID?
-clip hair -tx secondary infections -monitor weight, teeth -prevent laminitis
55
tx for PPID?
-dopamine agonist (Pergolide) -serotonin antagonist -trilostane
56
how does dopamine and 5HT (serotonin) affect ACTH
dopamine has negative feedback 5HT has positive feedback
57
poor prognostic indicators for PPID
laminitits weight loss secondary DM not responding to tx
58
protocol for recurrent laminitis?
1. rule out PPID/ exam 2. resting metabolic bloods (assess insulin) 3. dynamic tests
59
what factors can led to insulin dysregulation and hence endocrinopathic laminitis
genetics PPID obesity iatrogenic steroids stress
60
who gets Equine Cushing's Disease (PPID)
older ponies
61
which cell type in the Pars Intermedia leads to overproduction of ACTH going to the adrenal gland
Melanotropes (no negative feedback)
62
clinical signs of poo

Equine (38 decks)

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