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Animal Health Science 1 > Urinary Tract AHS1 > Flashcards

Urinary Tract AHS1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What parts make up the upper urinary tract?

A

Kidney

Ureters

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2
Q

What parts make up the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder

Urethra

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3
Q

What glands are associated with the kidneys?

A

The adrenal glands

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4
Q

Which kidney is cranial?

A

Right

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5
Q

What are the big blood vessels of the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries and veins at hilus

Left gonadal vein empties into the left renal vein

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of kidney?

A

Multipyramidal
Multipapillate
Unipyramidal

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7
Q

What is the join between the cortex and the medulla called?

A

The corticomedullary junction

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8
Q

What is the part of the kidney that collects the urine called?

A

The renal pelvis across the renal crest

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9
Q

What are the blood vessels that run through the kidney called?

A

Arcuate arteries

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10
Q

What are the pyramids of the kidney?

A

The segments of the medulla

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11
Q

What are the lobes of the kidney?

A

A pyramid with the adjacent cortex attached

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12
Q

Where does each lobe drain into?

A

Drains through the papilla (apex of the lobe) into the calices - funnels that drain into the renal pelvis

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13
Q

What is a lobule of the kidney?

A

Where you find the glomerulus

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14
Q

What is a multipyramidal kidney?

A

When the cortex/medulla hasn’t fused so has a clear lobar pattern

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15
Q

Which main animal has multipyramidal kidneys?

A

Cow

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16
Q

Where are the kidneys situated in the cow?

A

The right kidney is in normal place

The left kidney is pushed over to the midline by the rumen and looks twisted

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17
Q

What doesn’t the Multipyramidal kindey have?

A

A renal pelvis

Instead the lobes drain into the calices and go straight into the ureter

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18
Q

What is a Multipapillate kidney?

A

When the cortex is fused but the medulla is not

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19
Q

What animals have a Multipapillate kidney?

A

Pigs and humans

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20
Q

How is the urine collected in the Multipapillate kidney?

A

Through the minor and major calices into the renal pelvis

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21
Q

Where are pig kidneys located?

A

They are symmetrically located and are dorsoventrally flattened

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22
Q

What is a unipyramidal kidney?

A

When both the cortex and the medulla are fused

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23
Q

What animals have a unipyramidal kidney?

A

Dog, cat, horse, sheep etc.

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24
Q

What is it called when the papillae join together in a unipyramidal kidney?

A

The renal crest

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25
Q

What indicates the former lobes in a unipyramidal kidney?

A

The arcuate and interlobar arteries

26
Q

What is different between cat and dog kidneys?

A

Cat kidneys are both palpable and are more mobile (less retroperitoneal)

27
Q

What is the main distinguishing feature of cat kidneys?

A

They have capsular/stellate veins on their capsule - look like a star

28
Q

What shape are the left and right equine kidney?

A

The left is bean shaped

The right is heart shaped

29
Q

What is different about sheep kidneys?

A

They are covered in fat

30
Q

What are the interlobular arteries?

A

They give off the glomeruli

31
Q

How is the kidney sympathetically innervated?

A

Via the coeliacomesenteric ganglion

32
Q

How is the kidney parasympathetically innervated?

A

Via the vagus nerve

33
Q

What epithelium lines the ureter?

A

Transitional epithelium

34
Q

How does the ureter propel urine down it?

A

Peristalsis - it is a tube of smooth muscle

35
Q

What is important to note about the location of the ureter?

A

It is very close to the uterine horns so need to be careful during a bitch spay

36
Q

How does the ureter enter the bladder?

A

Through the ureterovesical junction

37
Q

What is the course of the ureter into the bladder?

A

It enters obliquely and has a long intramural course

38
Q

What does having a long intramural course mean and what is significant about it?

A

It runs within the wall of the bladder for a long time

When pressure in the bladder increases it naturally squeezes the ureter shut to prevent backflow

39
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A

At the cranial edge of the pubis and it extends cranioventrally into the abdomen

40
Q

What is the area of the bladder where all the openings are called?

A

The bladder trigone

41
Q

What opens into the bladder at the trigone?

A

The ureterovesical openings

The internal urethral meatus(opening)

42
Q

Where is the trigone located?

A

At the dorsal bladder neck

43
Q

What are also located at the bladder trigone?

A

Most of the stretch receptors

44
Q

What smooth muscle makes up the bladder wall?

A

The detrusor muscle

45
Q

What sphincters are associated with the lower urinary tract?

A

The internal urethral sphincter

The external urethral sphincter

46
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter made from?

A

It is a continuation of the detrusor muscle

47
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter made from?

A

The urethralis muscle - it is striated

48
Q

What supplies the bladder with sensory innervation?

A

Stretch receptors

49
Q

What supplies the bladder with parasympathetic innervation?

A

The pelvic nerves

50
Q

What supplies the bladder with sympathetic innervation?

A

The hypogastric nerves

51
Q

What supplies the bladder with somatic innervation?

A

The pudendal nerve

52
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation cause in the lower urinary tract?

A

It brings about micturition (urination):
It contracts the detrusor muscle to squeeze the bladder
It relaxes the internal urethral sphincter

53
Q

What does sympathetic innervation cause in the lower urinary tract?

A

Continence:
It inhibits the detrusor muscle
It contracts the internal urethral sphincter

54
Q

What does somatic innervation cause in the lower urinary tract?

A

Continence:

It contracts the external urethral sphincter

55
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the bladder?

A

Vesical branches of the urogenital artery from the internal iliac artery

56
Q

What is the venous blood vessel from the bladder?

A

The internal pudendal vein which drains to the internal iliac vein

57
Q

What is the main muscle of the urethra?

A

The urethralis muscle

58
Q

What does the urethralis muscle do?

A

Surrounds most of the urethra and the external urethral sphincter

59
Q

What type of muscle is the urethralis muscle?

A

Striated muscle - voluntary

60
Q

What nerve innervates the urethralis muscle?

A

The pudendal nerve

61
Q

What makes a male cat difficult to catheterise?

A

The flexure - things often get blocked there

Animal Health Science 1 (33 decks)

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