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Animal Health Science 1 > Cell systems - HM > Flashcards

Cell systems - HM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mycoplasma?

A

The simplest cells, mainly bacteria, that cause disease

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2
Q

What helps to control stability in the fluid mosaic model?

A

Phospholipids having one straight leg and one kinked leg

Cholesterol

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3
Q

Why do animals in colder climates have more kinks in their phospholipid tails?

A

Because they make the membranes more fluid as they destabilise the ordered structure of the membrane

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4
Q

What do enzymes do to the transition states that lowers the activation energy?

A

Makes the transition state more stable so needs less energy to reach it

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5
Q

How does penicillin act as a competitive inhibitor?

A

It mimics the transition state of bacteria
It fits into the active site of beta lactamase enzyme
Bacteria cant bind to make cell walls

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6
Q

What makes up antifreeze?

A

Ethylene glycol

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7
Q

How does giving alcohol or fomepizole treat antifreeze poisoning?

A

ADH enzyme converts glycolic acid to oxalic acid which is toxic. These compete to bind to the ADH enzyme and inhibit it

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8
Q

How can enzymes be used in diagnosis?

A

They shouldn’t be in blood so can indicate cell damage and can show specific places

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9
Q

WHat are the different types of plasma membrane proteins?

A 
Channels
Voltage-gated channels
Transporters
Active transporters
Receptors
Adhesion proteins
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10
Q

What makes it hard or bacteria to become a complex organism?

A

Cell wall

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11
Q

What are the subunits of intermediate filaments?

A

Alpha protein molecules

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12
Q

What are the names when intermediate filaments come together?

A

Dimers - two strands come together head to head

Tetramers - when the dimers come together head to tail

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13
Q

What are 2 examples of intermediate filaments?

A

Keratin

Actin

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14
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

They stick/connect cells together

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15
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Connect the cells with the connective tissue

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16
Q

What is the function of keratin?

A

Supports epithelial cells

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17
Q

Where is keratin found in the cell?

A

Links organelles to the desmosomes

Provides supports and transfers stresses between all the cells

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18
Q

What happens when there are defects in keratin?

A

Causes epidermolysis bullosa simplex

Skin rips and blisters easily

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19
Q

What is the structure of an actin filament?

A

Double stranded helix

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20
Q

What does actin that’s not in muscles do?

A

Can disassemble and move to different places and then reassemble and change the shape of the plasma membrane

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21
Q

What is actin involved in?

A

Moving
Phagocytosis
Cell division/cytokinesis
Provides strength to the membrane

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22
Q

What is the cortical actin cytoskeleton?

A

Mesh of actin under the plasma membrane that makes it strong eg. for RBCs

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23
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin subunits that from a helical structure with a hollow middle

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24
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

Move and position things in the cell - ‘Railway network’

Mitotic spindles form centrosomes

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25
Q

Where are microtubules made?q

A

In the MTOC - microtubule organising centre

These also split in mitosis to form centrosomes

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26
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

3 collagen protein chains wound into a triple helix for strength

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27
Q

What does collagen 1 make up?

A

Skin, tendons, organs, bone, scar tissue

28
Q

What does collagen 2 make up?

A

Cartilage

29
Q

What does hydroxylation of collagen do?

A

Strengthens the links between the collagen chains

30
Q

What is the repeating motif in collagen?

A

Glycine - proline - X

31
Q

What is a cofactor for the hydroxylase enzymes?

A

Vitamin C

32
Q

What happens in hydroxylation?

A

Prolyl hydroxylase converts proline to hydroxyproline

Lysyl hydroxylase converts lysine to hydroxylysine

33
Q

What does vitamin C deficiency cause?

A

Weakened collagen structures so scurvy

34
Q

What is glycosylation of collagen and when does it happen?

A

The addition of carbohydrates to hydroxylysine to form procollagen. It happens after hydroxylation.

35
Q

What happens after glycosylation of collagen?

A

A triple helix of procollagen if formed

36
Q

What happens after the triple helix of procollagen is formed?

A

The structure is secreted in a vesicle and collagen peptidase cuts off the ends

37
Q

Why is the procollagen structure secreted in a vesicle?

A

To stop procollagen forming inside the cell

38
Q

How are collagen fibres arranged?

A

In skin - different direction

In tendons - same direction

39
Q

What is the main protein in milk?

A

Casin

40
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Turn cartilage to bone

41
Q

What causes growth plate ossification?

A

Puberty

Mechanical jarring

42
Q

What is chondrodysplasia and why does it occur?

A

A form of dwarfism, caused by FGF3 gene converting growth plate to bone too fast

43
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Degrade bone

44
Q

How do osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and why?

A

Integrin interactions

Prevents digestive enzymes leaking

45
Q

How do osteoclasts degrade bone?

A

They release lysosomes and H+ and Cl- ions

46
Q

Why degrade bone?

A

In healing when an overgrowth occurs

To make sure the osteons are all facing the right way for impact

47
Q

How does the parathyroid hormone control bone density?

A

It controls blood Ca2+ levels by increasing osteoclast activity to release more Ca2+ form the bones

48
Q

What is the hormone that antagonises PTH and how does it control bone density?

A

Calcitonin, it decreases osteoclast activity

49
Q

How does vitamin D affect bone density?

A

Increases osteoclast numbers and promotes calcium uptake from the intestines

50
Q

How does oestrogen affect bone density?

A

It inhibits osteoclast activity and promotes osteoblast activity

51
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

Less oestrogen so less osteoblasts so loss in bone density

52
Q

What is the equation for animal size?

A

Animal size =(cell size x cell number) + amount of ECM

53
Q

What are the hormones that control growth?

A

Hypothalamus releases GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
Pituitary releases GH
Liver releases IGF-1
(insulin like growth factor)

54
Q

What causes giantism?

A

Overproduction of growth hormone in childhood

55
Q

What causes growth hormone deficiency dwarfism?

A

Damage to the pituitary gland

Can now be treated

56
Q

What is IGF-1?

A

A growth hormone that binds to receptors

57
Q

How does IGF-1 control cell growth?

A

Binds to receptor
Triggers conformational change
Activates Akt
Akt activates mTORC1

58
Q

What is quiescent?

A

Resting phase of cell cycle - G0

59
Q

What triggers cells to exit G0?

A

Mitogens

60
Q

What is increased cell size called?

A

Hypertrophy

61
Q

What is increased cell number called?

A

Hyperplasia

62
Q

What hormone antagonises cell growth by inhibiting Akt?

A

Myostatin

63
Q

What else can reduce growth?

A

Limited amino acid availability in childhood

Epigenetic changes in maternal nutrition

64
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Controlled cell death

65
Q

What is the enzyme that digests the cell contents in apoptosis?

A

Caspase

66
Q

What are the cell contents packaged into in apoptosis?

A

Blebs

67
Q

What happens to the plasma membrane in apoptosis?

A

The lipid phosphatidylserine is flipped to the outside

Animal Health Science 1 (33 decks)

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