Locomotor Terminology - Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Back
A
Dorsum
2
Q
Belly
A
Ventum
3
Q
Skull
A
Cranium
4
Q
Tail
A
Caudal
5
Q
Hand/carpus and lower
A
Manus
6
Q
Foot/hock and lower
A
Pes
7
Q
Towards the head
A
Cranial
8
Q
Towards the tail
A
Caudal
9
Q
Towards the muzzle in the head
A
Rostral
10
Q
Towards the back of the head
A
Caudal
11
Q
Front of lower forelimb
A
Dorsal
12
Q
Back of lower forelimb
A
Palmar
13
Q
Front of lower hindlimb
A
Dorsal
14
Q
Back of lower hindlimb
A
Plantar
15
Q
Closer to main body
A
Proximal
16
Q
Further from main body
A
Distal
17
Q
Right side
A
Dexter
18
Q
Left side
A
Sinister
19
Q
Same side
A
Ipsilateral
20
Q
Different sides
A
Contralateral
21
Q
Differing depths of tissue
A
Superficial and deep
22
Q
Animal bisected exactly in half
A
Medial
23
Q
Plane parallel to the median
A
Lateral/paramedian
24
Q
Part that’s closest to the median in the foot
A
Axial
25
Part that's furthest from the median in the foot
Abaxial
26
Decreasing the angle in the joint
Flexion
27
Increasing the angle in the joint/straightening
Extention
28
Moving the limb straight forward
Protraction
29
Moving the limb straight back
Retraction
30
Moving the limb away from the median
Abduction
31
Moving the limb towards the median
Adduction
32
Laterally rotating the limb so the palmar surface is facing up
Supination
33
Laterally rotating the limb so the palmar surface is facing down
Pronation
34
Stance that is on the tip off one digit
Unguligrade
35
Stance that is on all digits
Digitigrade
36
Stance that is on the whole plantar surface
Plantigrade
37
The part of the bone that is the middle shaft
Diaphysis
38
The part of the bone that is the outer ends
Epiphysis
39
The part of the bone between the middle and the outer ends
Metaphysis
40
The middle cavity of the bone
Medulla
41
The membrane surrounding the outside of the bone
Periosteum
42
The membrane surrounding the medulla
Endosteum
43
The hard parts of the bone
Cortical/compact bone
44
The spongy parts of the bone
Trabecular/cancellous bone
45
What is intramembranous ossification?
When flat bone is replaced. It uses a membranous template
46
What is endochondral ossification?
The replacement of cartilage with bone
47
The bones in the neck
Cervical vertebrae
48
The bones in the middle of the spine
The thoracic vertebrae
49
The bones in the bottom of the spine
The lumbar vertebrae
50
The bones in the top of the tail
The sacrum
51
The bones in the bottom of the tail
Coccygeal/caudal vertebrae
52
Above
Epi, supra
53
Below
Hypo, infra
54
Behind
Retro
55
Around
Circum
56
Next to
Juxta
57
The main skeleton
The axial skeleton
58
The distal skeleton, makes up limbs
The appendicular skeleton
59
Smaller, supporting bones
Splanchnic bones
60
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
61
Bone destroying cells
Osteoclasts
62
Bone cells
Osteocytes
63
The extracellular matrix that osteoblasts form around themselves
Osteoid
64
The bars in between the 'honeycomb' in cancellous boen
Trabeculae
65
Cylindrical structures in compact bone
Osteons
66
Blood vessels running through compact bone
Harversian canals
67
Bone that's protects tendons as they move over long bones
Sesamoid bones
68
Bones with lots of air spaces to reduce weight
Pneumatic
69
Ribs connected directly to the sternum
Sternal ribs
70
Ribs that are connected to each other instead of the sternum
Asternal ribs
71
Another name for skin?
Integument
72
Top layer of skin
Epidermis
73
Middle layer of skin
Dermis
74
Under layer of skin (no really counted as skin)
Hypodermis/subcutaneous
75
The 3 main types of connective tissue
Fibrous
Fibro-cellular
Matrical
76
What is loose connective tissue?
The main protective tissue in the body
| its a loose network of collagen and elastic fibres
77
Where is loose connective tissue found?
In the hypodermis
78
What is another word for loose connective tissue?
Areolar tissue
79
What is dense connective tissue and what are the two types?
Has a higher proportion of collagen
| Regular and irregular
80
Where is irregular dense connective tissue found?
It covers skeletal muscles and organs in a protective fibrous membrane
81
Where is regular dense connective tissue found?
In tendons and ligaments
82
What do tendons do?
Connect muscle to bone
| Transmit force
83
What do ligaments do?
Connect bone to bone
| Guide movement and prevent excess movement
84
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
85
What is the whole tendon surrounded by?
The epimysium
86
What is tendon made up of?
Fasciculi
87
What surrounds the fasciculi?
The perimysium
88
What are the fasciculi in tendons made up of?
Muscle fibres
89
What is between the muscle fibres in the fasciculi in the tendon?
The endomysium
90
Which is the origin/head end of the muscle?
The end that is attached to the more stationary of the two bones. It is usually proximal
91
Which is the insertion part of the muscle?
The end that's attached to the bone with the greatest movement. It moves towards the head.
92
What is the middle of the muscle called?
The belly
93
What are extrinsic muscles?
Muscles which both originate and exert within the same place
94
What are the 3 muscle classes?
Pennate
Straight
Orbicular
95
What are pennate muscles?
A muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to the tendon
96
What are the different types of pennate muscles?
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
97
What are unipennate muscles?
The muscle fascicles attach on one side of the tendon
98
What are bipennate muscles?
The muscle fascicles attach on both sides
99
What are multipennate muscles?
Where the muscle fibres converge to several tendons
100
What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?
The transverse process of the vertebrae
101
What does the head of the rib articulate with?
The costal fovea
102
Where is the manubrium?
At the cranial end of the sternum
103
Where is the xiphoid process?
At the caudal end of the sternum
104
Where is the tuber ischii?
At the back of the pelvis
105
Where is the tuber coxae?
At the front of the pelvis
106
Where is the ileum?
The bone at the front/top of the pelvis
107
Where is the pubis?
The bone in the pelvis that is above the spinal foramen
108
Where is the ishium?
The bone at the back/bottom of the pelvis
109
Where does the femur articulate on the pelvis?
Acetabulum
110
What are brachydont teeth?
Short with long roots
111
What are hypsodont teeth?
Teeth keep growing
| In horses and ruminants
