Locomotor Terminology - Anatomy Flashcards
Back
Dorsum
Belly
Ventum
Skull
Cranium
Tail
Caudal
Hand/carpus and lower
Manus
Foot/hock and lower
Pes
Towards the head
Cranial
Towards the tail
Caudal
Towards the muzzle in the head
Rostral
Towards the back of the head
Caudal
Front of lower forelimb
Dorsal
Back of lower forelimb
Palmar
Front of lower hindlimb
Dorsal
Back of lower hindlimb
Plantar
Closer to main body
Proximal
Further from main body
Distal
Right side
Dexter
Left side
Sinister
Same side
Ipsilateral
Different sides
Contralateral
Differing depths of tissue
Superficial and deep
Animal bisected exactly in half
Medial
Plane parallel to the median
Lateral/paramedian
Part that’s closest to the median in the foot
Axial
Part that’s furthest from the median in the foot
Abaxial
Decreasing the angle in the joint
Flexion
Increasing the angle in the joint/straightening
Extention
Moving the limb straight forward
Protraction
Moving the limb straight back
Retraction
Moving the limb away from the median
Abduction
Moving the limb towards the median
Adduction
Laterally rotating the limb so the palmar surface is facing up
Supination
Laterally rotating the limb so the palmar surface is facing down
Pronation
Stance that is on the tip off one digit
Unguligrade
Stance that is on all digits
Digitigrade
Stance that is on the whole plantar surface
Plantigrade
The part of the bone that is the middle shaft
Diaphysis
The part of the bone that is the outer ends
Epiphysis
The part of the bone between the middle and the outer ends
Metaphysis
The middle cavity of the bone
Medulla
The membrane surrounding the outside of the bone
Periosteum
The membrane surrounding the medulla
Endosteum
The hard parts of the bone
Cortical/compact bone
The spongy parts of the bone
Trabecular/cancellous bone
What is intramembranous ossification?
When flat bone is replaced. It uses a membranous template
What is endochondral ossification?
The replacement of cartilage with bone
The bones in the neck
Cervical vertebrae
The bones in the middle of the spine
The thoracic vertebrae
The bones in the bottom of the spine
The lumbar vertebrae
The bones in the top of the tail
The sacrum
The bones in the bottom of the tail
Coccygeal/caudal vertebrae
Above
Epi, supra
Below
Hypo, infra
Behind
Retro
Around
Circum
Next to
Juxta
The main skeleton
The axial skeleton
The distal skeleton, makes up limbs
The appendicular skeleton
Smaller, supporting bones
Splanchnic bones
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
Bone destroying cells
Osteoclasts
Bone cells
Osteocytes
The extracellular matrix that osteoblasts form around themselves
Osteoid
The bars in between the ‘honeycomb’ in cancellous boen
Trabeculae
Cylindrical structures in compact bone
Osteons
Blood vessels running through compact bone
Harversian canals
Bone that’s protects tendons as they move over long bones
Sesamoid bones
Bones with lots of air spaces to reduce weight
Pneumatic
Ribs connected directly to the sternum
Sternal ribs
Ribs that are connected to each other instead of the sternum
Asternal ribs
Another name for skin?
Integument
Top layer of skin
Epidermis
Middle layer of skin
Dermis
Under layer of skin (no really counted as skin)
Hypodermis/subcutaneous
The 3 main types of connective tissue
Fibrous
Fibro-cellular
Matrical
What is loose connective tissue?
The main protective tissue in the body
its a loose network of collagen and elastic fibres
Where is loose connective tissue found?
In the hypodermis
What is another word for loose connective tissue?
Areolar tissue
What is dense connective tissue and what are the two types?
Has a higher proportion of collagen
Regular and irregular
Where is irregular dense connective tissue found?
It covers skeletal muscles and organs in a protective fibrous membrane
Where is regular dense connective tissue found?
In tendons and ligaments
What do tendons do?
Connect muscle to bone
Transmit force
What do ligaments do?
Connect bone to bone
Guide movement and prevent excess movement
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
What is the whole tendon surrounded by?
The epimysium
What is tendon made up of?
Fasciculi
What surrounds the fasciculi?
The perimysium
What are the fasciculi in tendons made up of?
Muscle fibres
What is between the muscle fibres in the fasciculi in the tendon?
The endomysium
Which is the origin/head end of the muscle?
The end that is attached to the more stationary of the two bones. It is usually proximal
Which is the insertion part of the muscle?
The end that’s attached to the bone with the greatest movement. It moves towards the head.
What is the middle of the muscle called?
The belly
What are extrinsic muscles?
Muscles which both originate and exert within the same place
What are the 3 muscle classes?
Pennate
Straight
Orbicular
What are pennate muscles?
A muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to the tendon
What are the different types of pennate muscles?
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
What are unipennate muscles?
The muscle fascicles attach on one side of the tendon
What are bipennate muscles?
The muscle fascicles attach on both sides
What are multipennate muscles?
Where the muscle fibres converge to several tendons
What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?
The transverse process of the vertebrae
What does the head of the rib articulate with?
The costal fovea
Where is the manubrium?
At the cranial end of the sternum
Where is the xiphoid process?
At the caudal end of the sternum
Where is the tuber ischii?
At the back of the pelvis
Where is the tuber coxae?
At the front of the pelvis
Where is the ileum?
The bone at the front/top of the pelvis
Where is the pubis?
The bone in the pelvis that is above the spinal foramen
Where is the ishium?
The bone at the back/bottom of the pelvis
Where does the femur articulate on the pelvis?
Acetabulum
What are brachydont teeth?
Short with long roots
What are hypsodont teeth?
Teeth keep growing
In horses and ruminants
