Urinary System Anatomy Lecture Powerpoint

Question 1

Renal artery

Answer 1

Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travel after branching off below superior mesenteric artery
Empties into interlobular arteries

Question 2

Interlobular arteries

Answer 2

Derived from: renal artery

Travel to form the filtration system of the kidneys, emptying into arcuate arteries

Question 3

Arcuate arteries

Answer 3

Derived from: interlobular arteries

Travel in arc shape around the adrenal medulla forming the filtration system of the kidneys

Question 4

Ureters

Answer 4

Tubules derived from the renal pelvis (a summation of collecting ducts from kidney) passing dorsal to the bladder and entering it below, has 3 layers (adventitia, muscularis, mucosa)

Question 5

Adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa of ureters characteristics

Answer 5

Adventitia - fibrous
Muscularis - peristaltic smooth muscle contraction
Mucosa - transitional epithelium, very susceptible to stretch

Question 6

Ureter valves

Answer 6

Function to prevent backward flow, can have reflux leading to recurrent infections and pathology

Question 7

Urinary bladder

Answer 7

Located posterior to pubic symphasis, functions to store urine till micturation, has 3 layers (parietal, muscularis, mucosa), has rugae like stomach

Question 8

Trigone

Answer 8

Triangle formed between the ureters and urethra in the bladder

Question 9

Detrusor muscle

Answer 9

3 layers of smooth muscle in one of the layers in the urinary bladder

Question 10

Glomerulus

Answer 10

Small capillary bed from afferent arteriole entering kidney from renal artery surrounded by bowman’s capusle, fenestrated capillaries allow for leaking, thick basement podocyte membrane work to keep certain things in the blood and other smaller ions and glucose get filtered into the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 11

Region of nephron that receives filtered blood from glomerulus and ACTIVELY reabsorbs 65% of nutrients, ions, amino acids, glucose, and water back out and back into the blood peritubular capillaries

Question 12

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 12

tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.

Question 13

SGLT 2 inhibitor

Answer 13

One of 2 new classes of diabetic medications on rise

Question 14

SGLT 2 Inhibitor mechanism

Answer 14

Because sodium glucose cotransporters account for 90% of glucose reabsorption in kidney, can increase excretion of gluocse via this system thus decreasing blood glucose for diabetic patients (they pee it all out)

Question 15

3 imiportant SGLT 2 inhibitors to know

Answer 15

Dapagliflozin
Canagliflozin
Empagliflozin

Question 16

Descending loop of henle

Answer 16

Follows proximal convoluted tubule, passively absorbs water due to high osmolarity of medulla (created by ascending limb)

Question 17

Ascending loop of henle

Answer 17

Actively pumps Na+, Cl-and K+ out of the loop and into the medulla to make it very salty, impermeable to water

Question 18

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 18

Last region of ion absorption before entering the collecting duct

Question 19

Renin secretion is controlled by what structure of the kidney? Where is this structure located?

Answer 19

Juxtaglomerular apparatus cells in afferent arteriole

Question 20

Collecting duct

Answer 20

Function to receive fluid from distal convoluted tubule, can reabsorb water, empties into renal calyx

Question 21

Mannitol mech of action

Answer 21

Acts at proximal tubules, is not easily reabsorbed and thus raises osmotic pressure to flush large amounts of tubular fluid into the urine, very similar to how glucose acts in diabetics, giving a polyurea effect

Question 22

Mannitol indications

Answer 22

Oliguria prevention, cerebral edema, elevated intraocular pressure, forced diuresis for intoxications

Question 23

Loop diuretics - lasix mech of action

Answer 23

Decreases active absorption in ascending loop of henle blocking Na+, cl-m ad K+ co transporters resulting in a loss of potassium and water following

Question 24

Loop diuretics - lasix indications

Answer 24

Edema, pulmonary edema, hypertension, hypercalcemia

Question 25

Thiazide diuretics - hydrochlorothiazide mech of action

Answer 25

Blocks sodium chloride co transportsers in dital convoluted tubule resulting in increased urination

Question 26

Thiazide diuretics - hydrochlorothiazide indications

Answer 26

Hypertension, peripheral edema

Question 27

Aldosterone antagonist - spironolactone mech of action

Answer 27

Inhibits aldosterone’s action on receptors in the collecting duct decreasing sodium reabosrption and potassium secretion (increases K+ levels in blood)

Question 28

Aldosterone antagonist - spironolactone indicaitons

Answer 28

Edema, hypertension, hyperaldosteronism, hypokalemia,

Question 29

Sodium channel blockers mech of action

Answer 29

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the collecting tubules, drawing out water while sparing potassium

Question 30

Sodium channel blockers indications and black box warning

Answer 30

Peripheral edema

Hyperkalemia

Question 31

Leading 2 causes of kidney failure

Answer 31

Diabetes, hypertension

Question 32

3 categories of acute renal failure

Answer 32

Prerenal - decrease blood supply to kidneys (think cardiac failure, stenosis)
Intrarenal - within kidneys (think glomerular injury, tubular necrosis)
Postrenal - obstruction of urniary collecting system (think stones)

Question 33

Chronic kidney disease positive feedback mechanism

Answer 33

• Decrease in nephron number
• increase glomerular pressure
• glomerular sclerosis
• further decreases nephron number

Question 34

Compensaoty renal hypertorphy

Answer 34

Kidney growth following loss of nephrons following significant nephron loss or chronic renal disease