Endocrine Anatomy Lecture Powerpoint Flashcards
Fuck me jerry
List the major endocrine organs (9)
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- pineal gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- thymus
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- gonads
Hypothalamus
Endocrine organ that forms floor and walls of third ventricle in brain, regulates primitave functions thru homeostasis via autonomic nervous system and thru hormones
Pituitary gland/hypophysis
Suspended below hypothalamus by stalk (infundibulum) seated in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone, anteriorally is epithelial tissue posterior is nervous tissue extension of hypothalamus (can release hormones immediately), often called the master gland of the body
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (include the pathway)
A microcirculation of blood vessels at the base of the brain connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary to quickly transport hormones thru fenestrated capillaries bypassing the blood brain barrier easily
Follows pathway of superior hypophyseal artery entering into the hypothalamus, exchanging in a capillary bed that then travels down the infundibulum to another capillary bed in the anterior pituitary before returning to venous circulation
2 hormones released by posterior pituitary, where are these hormones developed?
Oxytocin, ADH, developed in the hypothalamus nuclei
Which hormones are released by anterior pituitary (7)
-ACTH
-TSH
-LH
FSH
-PRL
-GH
-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
ACTH function
Acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate cortisol release
TSH function
Acts on thyroid gland to stimulate T3/T4 release
LH FSH function
Act on the ovaries and testes
PRL function
Promote milk production in the mammary glands
MSH function
Stimulate melanocyte activity
Oxytocin function
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in different areas of the body
ADH function
Acts to increase resoroption of fluid by the kidney
GH function
Promotes tissue growth indirectly by acting on the liver causing liver to release IGF-1 and according to Anna Mae also increase protein synthesis at muscle
IGF-1
Released from liver in response to GH release, acting to facilitate portein synthesis of muscle and other tissues
What increases IGF-1 production from liver
Protein, exercise, sleep
What decreasees IGF-1 production from liver
Insulin, stress, estrogen
When is GH levels high and low?
High after deep sleep, high protein meals, vigorous exercise, low after carb heavy measl
Pineal gland
Located deep within the brain, peak secretion occurs within first 5 years of life, produces seratonin during day and melatonin at night
Thyroid gland
Largest endocrine gland with high rate of blood flow, releases T3/T4, has recurrent blood flow from different vascular portions of the body
Thyroid ima artery
Uncommon variant of blood supply to inferior aspect of thyroid (alongside inferior and superior thyroid arteries), arising from either brachiocephalic trunk, right common carotid, aortic arch, or internal thoracic artery, can be dangerous during surgery
Accessory inferior thyroid artery
The name the thyroid ima artery takes on upon arising from the sublcavian artery directly as a variation opposed to other locations
Superior thyroid artery
Derived from external carotid to supply the thyroid gland
Inferior thyroid artery
Derived from the thyrocervical trunk off the subclavian arteries to supply the thyroid
The right recurrent laryngeal nerve runs under the….
…right subclavian artery
C cells of thyroid gland
Function to release calcitonin to decrease Ca2+ in blood stream
Chief cells of parathyroid gland
Function to release pth to increase blood Ca2+ levels and by increasing bone resorption (inhibition of osteoclasts), decreasing urinary excretion, and increasing GI absorption
Vitamin D
Fat soluble vitamin produced from skin during exposure to sunlight, modified in liver and kidney, and acts as a cofactor for ca2+ absorption in the gut
3 layers of adrenal gland cortex (outside to in)
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Adrenal gland medulla secretes what hormones?
Epi and norepi
Inferior phrenic arteries (derived from, pathway, empty into)
Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travel from above celliac trunk artery
laterally to give rise to many other vessels
Empty into suprarenal arteries to supply adrenal glands
Suprarenal arteries (derived from and supply)
Derived from: inferior phrenic arteries
Supply the adrenal glands
Zona reticularis hormones
DHEA, pregnenalone, progesterone, estrogen, testosterones, androsterone
Zona fasciulata hormone
Cortisol
Zona glomerulosa hormone
Aldosterone
Cortisol function
Gluconeogenesis, increase appetite, mobilize fat stores, protein break down, inhibits immune system
RAAS system pathway
- Liver releases inactive angiotensiongen to blood stream
- Kidney releases renin in response to decreased renal perfusion, acting on angiotensinogen to convert to angiotensin I
- Lungs containing ACE convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- Angiotensin II acts as a potent vasoconstrictor
- Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex
- Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na+ and water follows
Pancreas
Retroperitoneal, inferior and dorsal to stomach organ with both exocrine and endocrine features, has B cells that secrete insulin into blood stream, and a cells that secrete glucagon
Celiac trunk artery (derived from, pahtway, empties into)
Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travels anteriorally with 3 branches coming off,
Empties into left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, and splenic artery
Splenic artery (derived from, travels to)
Derived from: celiac trunk artery
Empties into spleen after giving off branches of dorsal and transverse pancreatic arteries
Hepatic artery (derived from, travels to)
Derived from: celiac trunk artery
Empties into liver giving rise to anterior, posteior and superior pancreaticduodenal arteries along the way
Arteries that supply the pancreas
Dorsal pancreatic, transverse pancreatic, anterior postioer and superior pancreaticduodenal arteries
Sphincter of Oddi
Opening of pancreatic duct into duodenum
Pancreatic delta and F cells
Delta - release somatostatin antagonistic to GH and inhibit insulin release
F - Inhibit somatostatin function (indirectly increasing insulin)
FSH and LH function in testes
FSH go to sertoli and promote spermatogenesis
LH go to ledyig cells that synthesize testosterone
FSH and LH function in ovaries
LH goes to theca cells to promote testosterone secretion (to be converted to estrogen by granulosa cells)
FSH stimulates maturation of granulosa cells
