Heart and Mediastinum

Question 1

Heart is derived from the ___ on day ___ of fetal development

Answer 1

Mesoderm, 22-23

Question 2

Mediastinum

Answer 2

Space between lung pleura tht houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, vagus, and phrenic nerves

Question 3

Orientation of the heart in the chest

Answer 3

Right ventricle sits behind sternum, left is rotated more posteriorally, rests upon the diaphragm

Question 4

Visceral pericardium is also known as the…

Answer 4

epicardium

Question 5

Layers of the heart from outside to inside

Answer 5

Parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium/epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 6

Acute pericarditis

Answer 6

Pain and friction rub on the heart due to inflammation, infection, radiation, etc. - often presents with pain feeling better when leaning forward

Question 7

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 7

Compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity interfering with ventricular filling, often appearing as hypotension, pulsus paradoxus, sometimes caused by trauma, 2ndary pericarditis, catheterization

Question 8

Beck’s triad

Answer 8

3 signs of cardiac tamponade, hypotension, jugular venous distension, and faint heart sounds

Question 9

How much fluid is normally in the pericardial space

Answer 9

5-30mL

Question 10

Fossa ovalis

Answer 10

Remnant indentation of a foramen between the left and right atria during fetal development that allowed for blood to bipass the unventilated pulmonary circulation

Question 11

Pectinate muscles

Answer 11

Internal ridges of myocardium in the right atrium and both auricles, unknown function

Question 12

Interventricular septum

Answer 12

Wall that divides the ventricles, can fail to close in certain defects

Question 13

Trabeculae carnae

Answer 13

Ridges along the ventricular walls that prevent the vacuum suctioning of blood upon contracction

Question 14

Papillary muscles

Answer 14

Sit in the ventricles to pull on the AV valves via the chordae tendinae to keep them from prolapsing backwards during systole

Question 15

Most common congenital heart abnormality

Answer 15

Bicuspid aortic valve where 2 leaflets fuse together causing aortic regurgitation and stenosis

Question 16

Fetal circulation pathway

Answer 16

• Umbilical vein transports O2 rich blood to fetus in fetal circulation
• Some goes to the liver other goes to the ductus venosus
• Both ultimately end up in the inferior vena cava
• At the right atrium, some will go to right ventricle and to the pulmonary trunk (of which only some goes to lungs and most goes thru ductus arteriosus) and some thru foramen ovale
• From left atrium and left ventricle blood goes to systemic circulation
• Umbilical artery

Question 17

Right vs left dominant heart

Answer 17

Right dominant heart has a posterior descending artery coming off of right coronary artery
Left dominant heart has posterior descending artery coming off of left coronary artery