Intro to Neuroanatomy Lecture powerpoint Flashcards
fuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuck
Peripheral nervous system
Portions of the nervous system not covered by the udra mater, including cranial nerves (except CNII) and spinal nerves
Somatic nervous system
Voluntary portion of PNS that interacts with skeletal muscles (efferent) and sense organs (afferent)
Autonomic nervous system
Involuntary portion of PNS that interacts with smooth/cardiac muscle, organs, and glands, and can sometimes be overridden, includes sympathetic, enteric, and parasympathetic fibers
Frontoal lobe
Most anterior protruding portion of brain, allows for higher mental functioning, planning and decision making
Parietal lobe
Most superior protruding portion of the brain that receives sensory input and initiates motor movement
Temporal lobe
Most lateral portion of brain that helps with memory, speech, and hearing
Occipital lobe
Posterior most portion of the brain that helps with vision
Cerebellum
Inferio-posterior lobe of the brain that functions to assist with coordinaiton and balance
Corpus callosum
Bridge between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? What other nerves exit out of the brain or brainstem?
31, cranial nerves except for II
C1-7 nerve exits ___ the c1-7 corresponding vertebra
above
C8 nerve exits ____ the c7 vertebra
below
T1 nerve exits ___ the T1 vertebra
below
of each type of vertebrae?
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacra 1 coccygeal
Spinal/dorsal root ganglion
Groups of cell bodies that are entering the spinal cord at the corresponding level located along the spinal column, as well as sensory axons traveling in to the spinal cord
Intervertebral disk
Located between each vertebrae acting as shock absorption and support for the twisting of the spine, houses annulus fibrois and nucleus pulposis
Annulus fibrosis
The outer ring of the intervertebral disk
Nucleus pulposis
The inner ring of the intervertebral disk, can project out posteriolaterally beyond the annulus fibros and cause impingement of spinal nerves (called a herniated disk)
Grey matter of spinal cord
The middle butterfly of the spinal cord, contains neuron cell bodies and vasculature
White matter of the spinal cord
The outer area of the spinal cord, white color is from myelinated axons
Efferent nerve roots tend to come off ____ side of the spinal cord, and provide ___ function
ventral or anteriorally, motor
Afferent nerve roots tend to come off ____ side of the spinal cord, and provide ___ function
Dorsal or posteriorally, sensory
Components of the lower brain
Basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary, pons, medulla, cerebellum
Lower brain controls….
…arterial pressure, respiration, heart rate, emotion and pleasure
Even with upper brain death, the lower brain can still facilitate ___. This brings up the ethics question of when we consider brain death, for example when do we define it in the US?
Emotion, we define it as whole brain death
Spinal cord
Conduit for signals to and from peripheral nerves, allows for interaction between brain and body, can regulate some things at the spinal cord level such as reflexes of vascular, GI, and urinary secretion
Plexuses of the body
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, areas where nerves combine and rearrange to form new nerves
Challenge resulting from extreme lengths of neurons
- If damaged higher up, then much further downstream structures are affected
- need constant supply of oxygen and sugar
- Limited number that do NOT regenerate
Afferent neuron
Conducts signal toward CNS, sensory to communicate stimuli
Efferent neuron
Conducts signal away from CNS, effector to organs of the body
3 caegories of effectors in the body from an efferent neuron
1) skeleetal muscle
2) smooth msucle
3) secretion of exocrine and endocrine glands
Soma
Cell body of a neuron, contains nucleus and processes incoming signals from dendrites and outgoing signals to axons at the same time
Schwann cells
Surround the axons of neurons in the PNS allowing for insulation of conduction of a signal
Synapse
Small gap where a nerve cell transmits signals from its terminal axon to another cell or tissue, neurotransmitters released into these spaces facilitate the response
4 ways drugs can effect neurotransmitters at the synapse
1) decrease amount of neurotransmitter present to be released
2) decrease amount of neurotransmitter released into synapse
3) act on enzymes in synapse to prevent degradation of those neurotransmitters
4) block neurotransmitter attachment to receptor
Interneurons
Neurons that lie entirely within the CNS and have an integrative function by processing information and directing appropriate location of that information, often lie between sensory and motor pathways of the reflex arc within the spinal cord
3 different kidns of white matter tracks
1) projection - higher and lower levels
2) commissural - between right and left cerebrum
3) association - connect different regions within the same hemisphere of the brain
4 main classes of neurotransmitters
1) amines
2) monoamines
3) amino acids
4) neuropeptides
Example of amine neurotransmitter
Acetycholine
exame of monoamines neurotransmitters
Catecholamines such as epi/norepi/dopamine, seratonin
Example of amino acid neurotransmitters
GABA, glycine, glutamate
Examples of neuropeptide neurotransmitters
Substance F, B endorphin, ACTH, oxytocin
Acetycholine: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: amine
general features: excitatory skeletal muscle, inhibitory cardiac muscle
Diseases associated with: alzheimer’s, myasthenia gravis
Epi and norepi: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: monoamine
general features: excitatory sympathetic nervous system
Diseases associated with: anxiety, ADHD
Dopamine: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: monoamine
general features: generally inhibitory associated with voluntary movmeents and reward system
Disease associated with: parkinson’s, schizophrenia
Seratonin: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: monoamine
General features: inhibitory, associated with pain, wakefulness, eating
Diseases associated with: depression, suicide, ocd
GABA: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: amino acid
General features: inhibitory, slowdown neuron to prevent over excitation
Diseases associated with: anxiety
Glutamate: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: amino acid
General features: excitatory in brain and CNS
Diseases: ALS
Endorphin B: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: neuropeptide
General features: inhibitory, resembles opium, morphine, and heroin
Disease: hibernation?
Central sulcus
Invagination of superor brain that divides the frontal and parietal lobe, connects precentral an dpostcentral gyri
Precentral gyrus
Located just anterior to the central sulcus, contains motor function
Postcentral gyrus
Located just posterior to the central sulcus, contains sensory function
Spinothalmic tract
Portion of the afferent spinal tract that deals with pain, temp, and crude touch, crosses over at the level it enters the spine and travels up the contralateral side to that corresponding hemisphere of the brain
Posterior column
Portion of the afferent spinal tract that deals with position and fine touch, enters the spine and travels up the ipsalateral side crossing over at the medulla to the contralateral side that coresponding hemisphere of the brain
Motor tract
Efferent spinal tract that initiates effector function, leaves from the brain and crosses to the ipsalateral side at the medulla to the contralateral side of the corresponding spinal cord before traveing inferiorally to its exit
