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Anatomy > Intro to Neuroanatomy Lecture powerpoint > Flashcards

Intro to Neuroanatomy Lecture powerpoint Flashcards

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1
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Portions of the nervous system not covered by the udra mater, including cranial nerves (except CNII) and spinal nerves

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2
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary portion of PNS that interacts with skeletal muscles (efferent) and sense organs (afferent)

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary portion of PNS that interacts with smooth/cardiac muscle, organs, and glands, and can sometimes be overridden, includes sympathetic, enteric, and parasympathetic fibers

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4
Q

Frontoal lobe

A

Most anterior protruding portion of brain, allows for higher mental functioning, planning and decision making

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5
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Most superior protruding portion of the brain that receives sensory input and initiates motor movement

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6
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Most lateral portion of brain that helps with memory, speech, and hearing

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7
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Posterior most portion of the brain that helps with vision

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

Inferio-posterior lobe of the brain that functions to assist with coordinaiton and balance

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9
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bridge between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

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10
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? What other nerves exit out of the brain or brainstem?

A

31, cranial nerves except for II

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11
Q

C1-7 nerve exits ___ the c1-7 corresponding vertebra

A

above

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12
Q

C8 nerve exits ____ the c7 vertebra

A

below

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13
Q

T1 nerve exits ___ the T1 vertebra

A

below

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14
Q

of each type of vertebrae?

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacra
1 coccygeal
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15
Q

Spinal/dorsal root ganglion

A

Groups of cell bodies that are entering the spinal cord at the corresponding level located along the spinal column, as well as sensory axons traveling in to the spinal cord

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16
Q

Intervertebral disk

A

Located between each vertebrae acting as shock absorption and support for the twisting of the spine, houses annulus fibrois and nucleus pulposis

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17
Q

Annulus fibrosis

A

The outer ring of the intervertebral disk

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18
Q

Nucleus pulposis

A

The inner ring of the intervertebral disk, can project out posteriolaterally beyond the annulus fibros and cause impingement of spinal nerves (called a herniated disk)

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19
Q

Grey matter of spinal cord

A

The middle butterfly of the spinal cord, contains neuron cell bodies and vasculature

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20
Q

White matter of the spinal cord

A

The outer area of the spinal cord, white color is from myelinated axons

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21
Q

Efferent nerve roots tend to come off ____ side of the spinal cord, and provide ___ function

A

ventral or anteriorally, motor

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22
Q

Afferent nerve roots tend to come off ____ side of the spinal cord, and provide ___ function

A

Dorsal or posteriorally, sensory

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23
Q

Components of the lower brain

A

Basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary, pons, medulla, cerebellum

24
Q

Lower brain controls….

A

…arterial pressure, respiration, heart rate, emotion and pleasure

25
Q

Even with upper brain death, the lower brain can still facilitate ___. This brings up the ethics question of when we consider brain death, for example when do we define it in the US?

A

Emotion, we define it as whole brain death

26
Q

Spinal cord

A

Conduit for signals to and from peripheral nerves, allows for interaction between brain and body, can regulate some things at the spinal cord level such as reflexes of vascular, GI, and urinary secretion

27
Q

Plexuses of the body

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, areas where nerves combine and rearrange to form new nerves

28
Q

Challenge resulting from extreme lengths of neurons

A
  • If damaged higher up, then much further downstream structures are affected
  • need constant supply of oxygen and sugar
  • Limited number that do NOT regenerate
29
Q

Afferent neuron

A

Conducts signal toward CNS, sensory to communicate stimuli

30
Q

Efferent neuron

A

Conducts signal away from CNS, effector to organs of the body

31
Q

3 caegories of effectors in the body from an efferent neuron

A

1) skeleetal muscle
2) smooth msucle
3) secretion of exocrine and endocrine glands

32
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of a neuron, contains nucleus and processes incoming signals from dendrites and outgoing signals to axons at the same time

33
Q

Schwann cells

A

Surround the axons of neurons in the PNS allowing for insulation of conduction of a signal

34
Q

Synapse

A

Small gap where a nerve cell transmits signals from its terminal axon to another cell or tissue, neurotransmitters released into these spaces facilitate the response

35
Q

4 ways drugs can effect neurotransmitters at the synapse

A

1) decrease amount of neurotransmitter present to be released
2) decrease amount of neurotransmitter released into synapse
3) act on enzymes in synapse to prevent degradation of those neurotransmitters
4) block neurotransmitter attachment to receptor

36
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that lie entirely within the CNS and have an integrative function by processing information and directing appropriate location of that information, often lie between sensory and motor pathways of the reflex arc within the spinal cord

37
Q

3 different kidns of white matter tracks

A

1) projection - higher and lower levels
2) commissural - between right and left cerebrum
3) association - connect different regions within the same hemisphere of the brain

38
Q

4 main classes of neurotransmitters

A

1) amines
2) monoamines
3) amino acids
4) neuropeptides

39
Q

Example of amine neurotransmitter

A

Acetycholine

40
Q

exame of monoamines neurotransmitters

A

Catecholamines such as epi/norepi/dopamine, seratonin

41
Q

Example of amino acid neurotransmitters

A

GABA, glycine, glutamate

42
Q

Examples of neuropeptide neurotransmitters

A

Substance F, B endorphin, ACTH, oxytocin

43
Q

Acetycholine: type, general features, disease associated with

A

Type: amine
general features: excitatory skeletal muscle, inhibitory cardiac muscle
Diseases associated with: alzheimer’s, myasthenia gravis

44
Q

Epi and norepi: type, general features, disease associated with

A

Type: monoamine
general features: excitatory sympathetic nervous system
Diseases associated with: anxiety, ADHD

45
Q

Dopamine: type, general features, disease associated with

A

Type: monoamine
general features: generally inhibitory associated with voluntary movmeents and reward system
Disease associated with: parkinson’s, schizophrenia

46
Q

Seratonin: type, general features, disease associated with

A

Type: monoamine
General features: inhibitory, associated with pain, wakefulness, eating
Diseases associated with: depression, suicide, ocd

47
Q

GABA: type, general features, disease associated with

A

Type: amino acid
General features: inhibitory, slowdown neuron to prevent over excitation
Diseases associated with: anxiety

48
Q

Glutamate: type, general features, disease associated with

A

Type: amino acid
General features: excitatory in brain and CNS
Diseases: ALS

49
Q

Endorphin B: type, general features, disease associated with

A

Type: neuropeptide
General features: inhibitory, resembles opium, morphine, and heroin
Disease: hibernation?

50
Q

Central sulcus

A

Invagination of superor brain that divides the frontal and parietal lobe, connects precentral an dpostcentral gyri

51
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Located just anterior to the central sulcus, contains motor function

52
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Located just posterior to the central sulcus, contains sensory function

53
Q

Spinothalmic tract

A

Portion of the afferent spinal tract that deals with pain, temp, and crude touch, crosses over at the level it enters the spine and travels up the contralateral side to that corresponding hemisphere of the brain

54
Q

Posterior column

A

Portion of the afferent spinal tract that deals with position and fine touch, enters the spine and travels up the ipsalateral side crossing over at the medulla to the contralateral side that coresponding hemisphere of the brain

55
Q

Motor tract

A

Efferent spinal tract that initiates effector function, leaves from the brain and crosses to the ipsalateral side at the medulla to the contralateral side of the corresponding spinal cord before traveing inferiorally to its exit

Anatomy (33 decks)

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