Anatomy of Respiratory System Powerpoint Flashcards

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1
Q

4 components of gas exchange

A

1) ventilation (sometimes called convection) - movement of air into lungs
2) perfusion - movement and distribution of blood thru circulation
3) diffusion - movement of o2 and co2 across alveolar capillary membrane
4) Regulation of breathing

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2
Q

7 nonrespiratory functions of respiratory system

A

1) water loss/heat elimination
2) enhance venous return via respiratory pump
3) pH balance
4) phonation
5) immune
6) hormonal
7) facilitates sense of smell

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3
Q

Inspiration is active process, while expiration is typically….

A

…passive

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4
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Involved in expiration (active expiration, which doesnt typically occur), innervated by intercostal nerves

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5
Q

External intercostals

A

Involved in inspiration, innervated by intercostal nerves

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6
Q

4 major centers of the brainstem (medulla and pons) associated with respiration

A
  • Inspiratory center (dorsal, medulla)
  • Expiratory center (ventral, medulla)
  • Pneumotaxic center (pons)
  • Apneustic center
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7
Q

Carotid and aortic bodies

A

Small thickened regions in the carotid and aorta that contain peripheral chemoreceptors detecting blood CO2 levels innervated thru glossopharyngeal nerve (carotid) and vagus (aortic)

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8
Q

Ventral respiratory group

A

Controls voluntary forced exhalation and the rhythm of inhalation and exhalation

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9
Q

Dorsal respiratory group

A

Controls inspiratory movements and their timing

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10
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation by sending inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area, fine tunes respiration rate

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11
Q

Apneustic center

A

Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation by sending stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area, overridden by pneumotaxic control from pons to end inspiration

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12
Q

Epithelium lining respiratory tract

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

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13
Q

Unique function of the paranasal sinuses….

A

…decrease skull bone weight

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14
Q

What blocks material from the oral cavity from entering the nasopharynx?

A

Uvula

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15
Q

Eustachian tubes

A

Function to connect the middle ear with the nasopharynx and equalize air pressure/drain fluid

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16
Q

Adenoids

A

Single pharyngeal tonsil, similar to the lingual and palatine tonsils, housed in the posterior nasopharynx, present in children but shrinks by adulthood, accessory

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17
Q

Epithelium lining pharynx

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Conducting zone vs respiratory zone

A

Conducting is bronchioles, bronchi, trachea

Respiratory is respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

19
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

C6, the sternal angle

20
Q

Carina

A

Inferior tracheal cartilage that separates primary bronchi at their orgin and forms an internal ridge

21
Q

Diaphragm muscle

A

Large muscle at the base of the lungs innervated by phrenic nerve (C3-5) that contracts and flattens during inspiration from its dome shape

22
Q

Apex of lungs

A

Superior point of lungs, located superior and posterior to the medial clavicle

23
Q

Left oblique fissure

A

Divides left lung into 2 lobes

24
Q

Right oblique fissure

A

Divides the right lung middle and lower lobes

25
Q

Right horizontal fissure

A

Divides the right lung upper and middle lobes

26
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers the outer surface of each lung, continuous at the hilus with each lung

27
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Cover the internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of mediastinum, and superior surface of diaphragm of each lung, continuous at the hilus with each lung

28
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Buildup of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity, sometimes resulting in pleuritis due to inflammation

29
Q

Why during thoracocentesis do we always go over top the rib?

A

Because the intercostal vessels and nerve travel in the underside of the rib, so this technique minimizes risk of puncturing one

30
Q

Response of pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation to hypoxia

A

Pulmonary undergoes vasoconstriction to increase pressure and get more blood oxygenated,
Bronchial vessels undergo vasodilation like all other systemic vessels

31
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure at rest

A

760mmHg at sea level, equal with atmospheric pressure

32
Q

Intrapleural/intrathoracic pressure at rest

A

756mmHg of negative pressure to keep viceral and parietal pleura attached to each other

33
Q

PO2 and PCO2 in a pulmonary vein or systemic artery

A

PO2=100mmHg

PCO2=40mmHg

34
Q

PO2 and PCO2 in a systemic vein or pulmonary artery

A

PO2=40mmHg

PCO2=46mmHg

35
Q

PO@ and PCO2 in an alveoli

A

PO2=100mmHg

PCO2=40mmHg

36
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume inspired or expired with a normal breath, approx 500mL

37
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Max volume that can be inspired over the inspiration of a tidal volume typically during exercise or exertion (3100mL)

38
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Max volume that can be expired after expiration of a normal breath (1200mL)

39
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume that remains in lungs after maximal expiration, approx 1200mL

40
Q

Inspiratory capcity

A

Volume of maximal inspiration, approx 3600mL

41
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Volume of gas remaining in lung after normal expiration, approx 2400mL

42
Q

Vital capacity

A

Volume of maximum inspiration and expiration, approx 4800mL

43
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Volume of the lung after maximum inspiration, approx 6000mL