Anatomy of Respiratory System Powerpoint

Question 1

4 components of gas exchange

Answer 1

1) ventilation (sometimes called convection) - movement of air into lungs
2) perfusion - movement and distribution of blood thru circulation
3) diffusion - movement of o2 and co2 across alveolar capillary membrane
4) Regulation of breathing

Question 2

7 nonrespiratory functions of respiratory system

Answer 2

1) water loss/heat elimination
2) enhance venous return via respiratory pump
3) pH balance
4) phonation
5) immune
6) hormonal
7) facilitates sense of smell

Question 3

Inspiration is active process, while expiration is typically….

Answer 3

…passive

Question 4

Internal intercostals

Answer 4

Involved in expiration (active expiration, which doesnt typically occur), innervated by intercostal nerves

Question 5

External intercostals

Answer 5

Involved in inspiration, innervated by intercostal nerves

Question 6

4 major centers of the brainstem (medulla and pons) associated with respiration

Answer 6

• Inspiratory center (dorsal, medulla)
• Expiratory center (ventral, medulla)
• Pneumotaxic center (pons)
• Apneustic center

Question 7

Carotid and aortic bodies

Answer 7

Small thickened regions in the carotid and aorta that contain peripheral chemoreceptors detecting blood CO2 levels innervated thru glossopharyngeal nerve (carotid) and vagus (aortic)

Question 8

Ventral respiratory group

Answer 8

Controls voluntary forced exhalation and the rhythm of inhalation and exhalation

Question 9

Dorsal respiratory group

Answer 9

Controls inspiratory movements and their timing

Question 10

Pneumotaxic center

Answer 10

Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation by sending inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area, fine tunes respiration rate

Question 11

Apneustic center

Answer 11

Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation by sending stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area, overridden by pneumotaxic control from pons to end inspiration

Question 12

Epithelium lining respiratory tract

Answer 12

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

Question 13

Unique function of the paranasal sinuses….

Answer 13

…decrease skull bone weight

Question 14

What blocks material from the oral cavity from entering the nasopharynx?

Answer 14

Uvula

Question 15

Eustachian tubes

Answer 15

Function to connect the middle ear with the nasopharynx and equalize air pressure/drain fluid

Question 16

Adenoids

Answer 16

Single pharyngeal tonsil, similar to the lingual and palatine tonsils, housed in the posterior nasopharynx, present in children but shrinks by adulthood, accessory

Question 17

Epithelium lining pharynx

Answer 17

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 18

Conducting zone vs respiratory zone

Answer 18

Conducting is bronchioles, bronchi, trachea

Respiratory is respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

Question 19

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 19

C6, the sternal angle

Question 20

Carina

Answer 20

Inferior tracheal cartilage that separates primary bronchi at their orgin and forms an internal ridge

Question 21

Diaphragm muscle

Answer 21

Large muscle at the base of the lungs innervated by phrenic nerve (C3-5) that contracts and flattens during inspiration from its dome shape

Question 22

Apex of lungs

Answer 22

Superior point of lungs, located superior and posterior to the medial clavicle

Question 23

Left oblique fissure

Answer 23

Divides left lung into 2 lobes

Question 24

Right oblique fissure

Answer 24

Divides the right lung middle and lower lobes

Question 25

Right horizontal fissure

Answer 25

Divides the right lung upper and middle lobes

Question 26

Visceral pleura

Answer 26

Covers the outer surface of each lung, continuous at the hilus with each lung

Question 27

Parietal pleura

Answer 27

Cover the internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of mediastinum, and superior surface of diaphragm of each lung, continuous at the hilus with each lung

Question 28

Pleural effusion

Answer 28

Buildup of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity, sometimes resulting in pleuritis due to inflammation

Question 29

Why during thoracocentesis do we always go over top the rib?

Answer 29

Because the intercostal vessels and nerve travel in the underside of the rib, so this technique minimizes risk of puncturing one

Question 30

Response of pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation to hypoxia

Answer 30

Pulmonary undergoes vasoconstriction to increase pressure and get more blood oxygenated,
Bronchial vessels undergo vasodilation like all other systemic vessels

Question 31

Intra-alveolar pressure at rest

Answer 31

760mmHg at sea level, equal with atmospheric pressure

Question 32

Intrapleural/intrathoracic pressure at rest

Answer 32

756mmHg of negative pressure to keep viceral and parietal pleura attached to each other

Question 33

PO2 and PCO2 in a pulmonary vein or systemic artery

Answer 33

PO2=100mmHg

PCO2=40mmHg

Question 34

PO2 and PCO2 in a systemic vein or pulmonary artery

Answer 34

PO2=40mmHg

PCO2=46mmHg

Question 35

PO@ and PCO2 in an alveoli

Answer 35

PO2=100mmHg

PCO2=40mmHg

Question 36

Tidal volume

Answer 36

Volume inspired or expired with a normal breath, approx 500mL

Question 37

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 37

Max volume that can be inspired over the inspiration of a tidal volume typically during exercise or exertion (3100mL)

Question 38

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 38

Max volume that can be expired after expiration of a normal breath (1200mL)

Question 39

Residual volume

Answer 39

Volume that remains in lungs after maximal expiration, approx 1200mL

Question 40

Inspiratory capcity

Answer 40

Volume of maximal inspiration, approx 3600mL

Question 41

Functional residual capacity

Answer 41

Volume of gas remaining in lung after normal expiration, approx 2400mL

Question 42

Vital capacity

Answer 42

Volume of maximum inspiration and expiration, approx 4800mL

Question 43

Total lung capacity

Answer 43

Volume of the lung after maximum inspiration, approx 6000mL