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IMS > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what are the kidneys?

A

Organs that excrete urine

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2
Q

what do the kidneys look like and where are they located?

A

Paired, bean-shaped organs located in the posterior abdomen

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3
Q

what is the lateral surface of the kidney?

A

convex

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4
Q

what is the medial surface of the kidney?

A

concave

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5
Q

where is the hilum?

A

medial surface of kidney

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6
Q

is the right kidney lower or higher than the left?

A

lower due to the liver

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7
Q

what are the kidneys capped by?

A

adrenal glands

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8
Q

what is found in the urinary tract?

A

organs that eliminate urine

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9
Q

what organs are found in the urinary tract?

A

ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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10
Q

what is the ureter?

A

paired tubes

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11
Q

what is the urinary bladder?

A

muscular sac

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12
Q

what is the urethra?

A

exit tube

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13
Q

what is urination/micturation?

A

process of eliminating (voiding) urine through urethra and out of body

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14
Q

what is the hilum?

A

A depression through which ducts, nerves or blood vessels enter and leave the organ

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15
Q

what is excretion?

A

Removal of waste from body fluids

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16
Q

where does excretion occur?

A

kidneys – the nephron is the functional unit for this process

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17
Q

what is elimination?

A

Storage of urine (bladder)

Discharge of waste products (urination/micturition)

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18
Q

what is regulated by homeostasis in the urinary system?

A

Blood plasma vol & pH
Plasma ion conc
Conservation of nutrients
Elimination of toxins

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19
Q

what is the renal capsule?

A

Fibrous capsule that encases kidney and prevents infection

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20
Q

what is the adipose capsule?

A

Perinephric fatty mass, cushions kidney and aids attachment

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21
Q

what is the renal fascia?

A

Outer layer of dense fibrous CT that anchors the kidney

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22
Q

what is perirenal fat?

A

External to renal fascia + provides protection to kidneys

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23
Q

where are the points of entry of the kidney?

A

Renal artery

Renal nerves

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24
Q

where are the points of exit of the kidney?

A

Renal vein

Ureter

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25
Q

what is the cortex?

A

Granular superficial region.

Extends into medulla as renal columns

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26
Q

what is the medulla?

A

Subcortex, composed of 6-8 triangular renal pyramids, separated by renal columns

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27
Q

where is the renal papillae found?

A

at the base of renal pyramids

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28
Q

what is the renal papillae?

A

Openings into the minor calyx that channel urine towards the renal pelvis

29
Q

what is the cortical nephron?

A

Only just penetrating the medulla

30
Q

what is the juxtamedullary nephron?

A

Reaching deep into the medulla

31
Q

what is the renal corpuscle?

A

spherical structure

32
Q

what is the Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule?

A

cup-shaped chamber

33
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

a network of capillaries

34
Q

what is the renal tubule?

A

long tubular passage

begins at the renal corpuscle

35
Q

what does the renal corpuscle include?

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

36
Q

what does the outer layer of the renal corpuscles contain?

A

simple squamous epithelium

37
Q

what does the inner layer of the renal corpuscles contain?

A

specialised podocytes

38
Q

what are podocytes?

A

Cells with processes adhering to basal lamina over fenestrated capillary endothelium

39
Q

how much of the systemic cardiac output flows through kidneys?

A

25%

40
Q

what is the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

First segment of renal tubule

41
Q

what is the PCT made of?

A

Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli on the luminal surface

42
Q

what does the nephron loop/ loop of henle contain?

A

descending limb and ascending limb

43
Q

what is the descending limb made of and where is it?

A

(squamous) passes into medulla

44
Q

what is the ascending limb made of and where is it?

A

cuboidal) re-enters cortex and transitions into distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

45
Q

what is the Distal convoluted tube (DCT)?

A

Empties urine into common collecting duct

46
Q

where is the DCT?

A

leading to the papillary duct and renal papillae at the tip of the renal pyramid

47
Q

where does urine flow?

A

from renal pelvis through the ureter to the urinary bladder

48
Q

why is the entrance to the bladder oblique?

A

prevents backflow of urine and increased pressure within the bladder compresses the distal ends of the ureters shut

49
Q

what is the function of the ureters?

A

actively propel urine to bladder via peristalsis, in response to smooth muscle stretch

50
Q

what does the tri-layered wall of the ureters contain?

A

internal mucosa
medial muscularis layer
external adventitia

51
Q

what does the internal mucosa contain?

A

transitional epithelium called urothelium

52
Q

what is the external adventitia layer made of?

A

fibrous CT

53
Q

what is the urothelium?

A

transitional epithelium impermeable to salts and water

54
Q

what are the layers found in the urothelium?

A

Superficial
Intermediate
Basal

55
Q

what is the bladder?

A

Smooth muscle ‘sac’ that stores urine

56
Q

where is the bladder found?

A

Rests on pelvic floor (retro-peritoneal)

57
Q

what happens when urine accumulates in the bladder?

A

bladder expands

without significant rise in internal pressure

58
Q

how many layers does the bladder contain?

A

3

59
Q

what are the 3 layers in the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelial layer (urothelium)
Muscle layer (detrusor muscle)
Adventitia

60
Q

what is the trigone?

A

Triangular area outlined by openings for the ureters and the urethra

61
Q

why is the trigone clinically important?

A

infections tend to persist in this region

62
Q

what is the urethra?

A

muscular tube

63
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

Drains urine from the bladder

Conveys it out of the body

64
Q

what is the internal urethral sphincter involved in?

A

involuntary control

65
Q

where is the internal urethral sphincter located?

A

bladder-urethra junction

66
Q

what is the external urethral sphincter involved in?

A

voluntary control

67
Q

where is the external urethral sphincter located?

A

Passes through urogenital diaphragm

68
Q

what is the external urethral sphincter controlled by?

A

by levator ani muscle, situated on the side of the pelvis

IMS (52 decks)

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