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IMS > HYPERSENSITIVITY > Flashcards

HYPERSENSITIVITY Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypersensitivity?

A

extreme physical sensitivity to particular substances or conditions

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2
Q

how is hypersensitivity classified?

A

type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4

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3
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IgE-mediated, immediate type hypersensitivity

IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells

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4
Q

what is type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Cytotoxic reaction (complement lysis/ADCC)

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5
Q

what is type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex reaction- (complement activation)

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6
Q

what is type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

T-cell mediated, delayed type hypersensitivity

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7
Q

give an example of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, urticaria

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8
Q

give an example of type 2 hypersensitivity

A

drug allergy

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9
Q

give an example of type 3 hypersensitivity

A

allergic vasculitis

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10
Q

give an example of type 4 hypersensitivity

A

allergic contact eczema

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11
Q

how long does type 1 hypersensitivity occur?

A

30 minutes

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12
Q

how long does type 2 hypersensitivity occur?

A

days

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13
Q

how long does type 3 hypersensitivity occur?

A

6 - 8 hours

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14
Q

how long does type 4 hypersensitivity occur?

A

48 - 72 hours

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15
Q

what is the organ manifestation of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

skin/mucosa 45%
resp tract 25%
GI tract 20%
Cardiovascular system 10%

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16
Q

Why is allergy on the increase?

A

Hygiene hypothesis
Change to a clean environment in developed countries skews the immune response to a Th2 response
Th1/inflammatory immune defects are also on the rise (MS, IBD)

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17
Q

what are the causes of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

genetics

environment

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18
Q

what causes Allergic rhinitis / asthma?

A

IgE mediated reaction to inhaled allergens

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19
Q

what does rhinitis affect?

A

upper airways

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20
Q

what are symptoms of rhinitis?

A

nasal itch
Sneeze
Rhinorhoea
nasal obstruction

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21
Q

what does asthma affect?

A

lower airways

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22
Q

what are symptoms of asthma?

A

bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion
Wheeze
Breathlessness
Cough

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23
Q

what is a direct/rapid route in to blood stream?

A

sting

ingestion

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24
Q

what affects the outcome of a reaction?

A

route

dose

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25
Q

what is anaphylaxis?

A

Catastrophic lowering of blood pressure, airway constriction, swelling of epiglottis

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26
Q

how is anaphylaxis treated?

A

Epinephrine relaxes bronchiole smooth muscle

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27
Q

what do eosinophils do?

A

mainly kill parasites via reacting towards opsonised parasites

28
Q

what causes degranulation?

A

large amounts of IL5 / IL3 in allergy cause

29
Q

what causes atopic dermatitis?

A 
Chronic inflammation (initiated via IgE),  apopotosis of keratinocytes
Leaky skin (filaggrin defect) binds keratin fibres together (leaky skin-allergens)
30
Q

what is allergic contact dermatitis?

A

Important cause of occupational disease

Hapten

31
Q

what type are Non IgE allergic diseases?

A

type 2

type 3

32
Q

what are type 2 Non IgE allergic diseases?

A

IgG mediated destruction of blood cells/platelets-autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn Thrombocytopenia. Change in signalling

33
Q

what are type 3 Non IgE allergic diseases?

A

IgG immune complex deposition on vessel walls-
Arthus reaction
Serum Sickness, arthritis, vasculitis, nephritis, farmers’ lung

34
Q

what are type 4 hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?

A

by antigen-specific effector T cells

35
Q

what is Allergic contact dermatitis mediated by?

A

via lipid soluble urushiol oil haptens binding MHCI

36
Q

what is coeliac disease?

A

small intestine is hypersensitive

37
Q

what is tolerance?

A

describes immune cell non-reactivity to antigens

38
Q

what are the different types of tolerance?

A

self
neonatal
acquired

39
Q

what is self tolerance?

A

Tolerance to innate antigens

40
Q

what is neonatal tolerance?

A

Antigens encountered within hours after birth are tolerated

41
Q

what is acquired tolerance?

A

a

42
Q

what does self tolerance and self recognition allow?

A

the maturation f both T and B cells

43
Q

what does the breakdown of immunological tolerance lead to?

A

to autoimmune disease

44
Q

what do T cells need to have to function correctly?

A

recognise self MHCs (self recognition)

they must display self tolerance

45
Q

can B cells show self tolerance?

A

yes

46
Q

what leads to autoimmune disease?

A

the loss of self tolerance

47
Q

how do normally pre T cells in the thymus develop self recognition?

A

via positive selection

48
Q

how is self tolerance acquired?

A

by negative selection

49
Q

what do some of the T cells produced become?

A

fully mature immunocompetent cells

50
Q

what can happen to self reactive T cells after they leave the thymus?

A

can be deleted if they contact an unrecognised self protein.

51
Q

what is acquired tolerance?

A

describes a non reactivity to an antigen that should cause an immune response

52
Q

what are the properties of allergens?

A

small proteins, soluble, long lasting in environment, mucosal exposure, often proteases

53
Q

what can protease allergens activate?

A

PAR receptors

54
Q

what do antibodies attach to in type 2?

A

to epitopes on self cells

55
Q

what do antibodies in type 2 induce?

A

activation of compliment

56
Q

what does activation of compliment in type 2 result in?

A

in vasodilatation and migration of phagocytic cells to the effected tissue

57
Q

what does activation of compliment in type 2 promote?

A

activation of membrane attack complex

58
Q

what do type 2 antibodies refer to?

A

antibodies that attacked self blood cells, used to describe antibodies that target other tissues

59
Q

what is type 3 caused by?

A

by antigen antibody complexes

60
Q

what are the antigens in type 3?

A

can be self antigens or non-self antigens such as bacteria

61
Q

what do antigens in type 3 promote?

A

inflammatory response

62
Q

what are the 2 types of type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

local

systemic

63
Q

what is Local form Type 3 Hypersensitivity?

A

If an individual is immunised against an antigen, subcutaneous injection of a high conc of that antigen induces an inflammatory response peaking within 7 hours at that site

64
Q

what is systemic form Type 3 Hypersensitivity?

A

Antigen complexes may form systemically - promoting system wide inflammatory responses

65
Q

what is type 4 related to?

A

to Helper T cells interacting with activated cytotoxic T cells, NK cells or macrophages

66
Q

what happens with type 4?

A

Response is delayed and cannot be transferred in the serum

IMS (52 decks)

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