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IMS > EPITHELIAL DEFECTS+DISEASE > Flashcards

EPITHELIAL DEFECTS+DISEASE Flashcards

1
Q

how are epithelium exposed to the environment?

A

skin

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2
Q

where are epithelium found?

A 
Respiratory tract
Digestive tract
Reproductive system
Circulatory system
Urinary system
Glands
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3
Q

what are pathologists?

A

Physicians - study of disease processes – diagnosis rather than treatment

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4
Q

what do disease processes do?

A

affect the histological organisation of tissues & organs – biopsy

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5
Q

what are squamous cell carcinoma?

A

atypical squamous cells

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6
Q

what is a response to injury?

A

inflammation
Kills cells, damage fibres, injures tissue
Necrosis

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7
Q

what does inflammation cause?

A

impact, abrasion, distortion, chemical irritation, extreme temperature – infection –pathogenic organisms

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8
Q

what is necrosis?

A

tissue degeneration (lysosomal enzymes), dead/dying cells, debris, fluid, necrotic tissue components (pus)

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9
Q

what is the effect of age on tissue repair?

A

Tissues change with age & speed/ effectiveness of tissue repair decreases
Structure & chemical composition many tissues effected e.g. epithelia get thinner
Cancer rates increase with age

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10
Q

what are the most common cancers in women?

A

breast, ling, colorectal

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11
Q

what are the most common cancers amongst men?

A

prostate, lung, colorectal

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12
Q

what does ageing affect?

A

cell degeneration, number of cell divisions, DNA repair, free radical damage

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13
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

enlargement of an organ/tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type

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14
Q

when does dysplasia usually occur?

A

Most frequently arises in epithelial tissues subjected to chronic irritation

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15
Q

what does dysplasia cause?

A

Cells exhibit high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
Increase number of cell mitoses
Leads to neoplasm - malignancy

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16
Q

where does dysplasia progress?

A

squamous epithelium, epidermis, colonic mucosa, gastric mucosa, resp epithelium

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17
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

Tissue adapts to environmental stimuli by change in cell differentiation
Abnormal change in the nature of a tissue

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18
Q

what cells differentiate into in metaplasia?

A

into a new, mature, stable type of cell better equipped to withstand particular environmental stress

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19
Q

where does metaplasia most commonly occur?

A

in epithelial tissue

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20
Q

give examples of metaplasia

A

bronchi, cervix, bladder

21
Q

what is neoplasm?

A

Permanent alteration of normal cellular growth pattern – transformed cells

22
Q

what does neoplasm cause?

A

Proliferate excessively in poorly regulated manner – lump – neoplasm “new growth”

23
Q

what are the 2 types of neoplasm?

A

Benign (good prognosis)

Malignant (fatal)

24
Q

what does a neoplasm lump also known as?

A

tumour

25
Q

what happens in malignant neoplasms?

A

Cell growth so abnormal – cells can grow into adjacent local tissues – invasion

26
Q

what do malignant neoplasm cause?

A

tissue – damage & destruction

27
Q

what happens to cells in malignant neoplasm?

A

Cells can become detached, move to another part of body or

grow as separate secondary tumour

28
Q

what is the growth of a separate secondary tumour called?

A

metastasis

29
Q

what are benign tumours?

A

differentiation closely resembles cells of origin

30
Q

what are malignant tumours?

A

variable degrees of differentiation

31
Q

what are the different types of malignant tumours?

A

Well-differentiated, Poorly differentiated, Anaplastic

32
Q

what is the epithelial origin of benign neoplasm?

A

solid & surface epithelium – adenoma

33
Q

what is the epithelial origin of malignant neoplasm?

A

carcinoma

glandular epithelium – adenocarcinoma

34
Q

is dysplasia reversible or irreversible?

A

reversible

35
Q

what are the histological changes caused by dysplasia?

A

Change in normal shape, size & organisation of tissue cells

36
Q

is metaplasia reversible or irreversible?

A

reversible

37
Q

what are the histological changes caused by metaplasia?

A 
Structural change
Epithelial cells lose cilia altogether
New cells (stem cells) no longer differentiate into ciliated, columnar epithelial cells
38
Q

is anaplasia reversible or irreversible?

A

irreversible

39
Q

what are the histological changes caused by anaplasia?

A

Tissue organisation breaks down
Cells change size & shape and become unusually large or small
Tumour cell – lung cancer

40
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

Thickening & inelasticity of artery walls

41
Q

what does the pathogenesis of atheroma cause?

A

damage to endothelium – allows LDLs into the intimate –”fatty streak”

42
Q

what are the risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

age, sex, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking

43
Q

what is the skin?

A

Large complex organ – exposed to more damaging agents than any other tissue

44
Q

what is non-specific dermatitis also known as?

A

eczema

45
Q

what does eczema cause?

A

Skin- red, itchy, tender – tiny blisters – vesicles form in epidermis

46
Q

what happens to vesicles in eczema?

A

Vesicles erupt - clear, yellow fluid, crusts over

Vesicles due to fluid accumulation between epidermal cells

47
Q

what is chronic dermatitis?

A

Repeated trauma - thickened skin, cracked, covered by thick opaque scale

48
Q

what is the opaque scale thickened by?

A

by layer surface keratin – overlies epidermis

49
Q

what is the epidermis thickened by?

A

by increase in cells in various layers

IMS (52 decks)

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