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IMS > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

heart
arteries
capillaries
veins

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2
Q

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

uptake of nutrients
excretion of waste
homeostasis: fluid/cells leave blood through capillaries + re-enter capillaries via lymphatics
heart acts as a pump

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3
Q

where is the heart located?

A

Lies between lungs in mediastinum (2nd-6th rib)

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4
Q

what is the surface of the heart made of?

A

fibrous pericardium - tough CT

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5
Q

what is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

protection, anchors heart to diaphragm & large vessels, prevents overfilling

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6
Q

what is the deep layer of the heart made of?

A

serous pericardium. 2 layers- parietal, visceral (epicardium) at surface of heart

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7
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

Serum-filled space in between

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8
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

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9
Q

what is the pericardium/ epicardium?

A

outer layer of fibrous tissue

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10
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

middle layer of thick muscle, CT, thickest around vessels and prevents over dilation

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11
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

inner layer of squamous epithelial cells

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12
Q

what are the 4 chambers in the heart?

A

2 small atria & 2 large ventricles

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13
Q

what is the atria?

A

Thin-walled

Posterior wall smooth, anterior ridged with pectinate muscles

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14
Q

what 3 veins allow blood to enter the right atrium?

A

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus

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15
Q

where does the superior vena cava bring blood from?

A

upper body

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16
Q

where does the inferior vena cava bring blood from?

A

lower body

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17
Q

where does the coronary sinus bring blood from?

A

heart myocardium

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18
Q

how does blood enter the left atrium?

A

4 pulmonary veins, - from the lungs back to heart

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19
Q

what is the ventricle?

A

thick-walled

Walls - muscle ridges: trabeculae carnae

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20
Q

where does blood go to from the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary trunk to lungs

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21
Q

where does blood go to from the left ventricle?

A

aorta to body

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22
Q

what are the 2 blood circuits?

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

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23
Q

where is the pulmonary circuit and where does blood travel?

A

Right, to/from lungs

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24
Q

where is the systemic circuit and where does blood travel?

A

Left, to/from all body tissues

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25
Q

which circuit is more resistant?

A

5x more resistance

3x thicker walls of LV v RV

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26
Q

how many heart valves are there?

A

2 Atrioventricular (AV) 2 Semilunar (SL)

27
Q

what are the 2 AV valves?

A

Right: tricuspid Left: bicuspid/mitral

28
Q

what are the 2 SL valves?

A

One aortic & one pulmonary

29
Q

where are no valves found?

A

between Vena Cava & pulmonary vein and their atria

30
Q

what is backflow during atrial contraction controlled by?

A

by compression & collapse of atrial myocardium

31
Q

what does the coronery circulation involve?

A

Right/left coronary arteries; base of aorta around heart, capillary beds, cardiac veins, coronary sinus and right atrium

32
Q

what are the 3 layers in blood vessels?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

33
Q

what is the tunica intima?

A

Inner layer: endothelium continuous with endocardium

34
Q

what is the tunica media?

A

Mid layer: circularly arranged smooth muscle & sheets of elastin

35
Q

what are the vasomotor nerves involved in?

A

vasodilation/vasoconstriction. Maintains BP

36
Q

what is the tunica adventitia?

A

Outer layer: loosely woven collagen fibers for protection/anchoring

37
Q

what do larger vessels contain?

A

vasa vasorum

38
Q

what is vasa vasorum?

A

vessels of vessels

39
Q

what are the elastic arteries?

A

Largest, thick-walled, near heart (aorta & major branches)

40
Q

what do elastic arteries contain?

A

Elastin in all 3 T’s, esp. T. Media

41
Q

when are elastic arteries inactive?

A

in vasoconstriction

42
Q

what are the muscular arteries?

A

Muscular or distributing arteries

43
Q

what does muscular arteries contain?

A

More smooth muscle, less elastin

44
Q

when is the muscular artery active?

A

vasodilation

45
Q

what are the arterioles?

A

Smallest, thin T. Media. Single layer of smooth muscle around endothelium

46
Q

what do arterioles control?

A

Control blood flow to capillaries

47
Q

what are the capillaries?

A

V. thin - T. Intima only. 1 endothelial cell layer, exchange

48
Q

where aren’t the capillaries found?

A

ligaments, tendons, cartilage, epithelia, cornea, lens

49
Q

what are the continuous capillaries?

A

Most common, esp. skin & muscle

Incomplete tight junctions (not brain) intercellular clefts, fluid & solute exchange

50
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Similar but membranous pores in some endothelial cells  higher fluid & solute permeability. Active abs.

51
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Gut, kidney

52
Q

what are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

fenestrated with large irregular lumen, fewer tight j’s, larger IC’s, large mol. exchange.

53
Q

what is the flow in the sinusoidal capillaries like?

A

slow, immune surveillance

54
Q

where are the sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, endocrine organs

55
Q

what are capillary beds?

A

c

56
Q

what vascular shunt?

A

Connects arteriole & venule at ends of bed

57
Q

what true capillaries?

A

Pre-capillary sphincter at metarteriole. Regulates flow via vasomotor nerves

58
Q

what are venules?

A

Post-capillary smallest - few fibroblasts. V porous (fluid/wbc exch.)

59
Q

what are larger venules?

A

some T. Media & T. Adventitia.

60
Q

how much blood is held in veins?

A

65%

61
Q

what are veins?

A

Thinner than arteries & larger lumens
T. media: v little smooth muscle or elastin
T. Adv. rel. thick, with longitudinal smooth muscle

62
Q

what is found in veins?

A

BP low thinner walls. Valves to prevent backflow.

63
Q

what are venous valves?

A

Formed from folds in T. Intima

IMS (52 decks)

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