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IMS > ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

where is Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) produced?

A

(in pulses) by median eminence of hypothalamus

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2
Q

what is pulsatile secretion?

A

p

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3
Q

where does GnRH diffuse?

A

to pituitary & causes release of gonadotropins luteinising hormone (LH) & follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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4
Q

what does overstimulation with GnRH lead to?

A

to gonadotropin depletion & deficiency

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5
Q

what does understimulation with GnRH lead to?

A

to inadequate gonadotropin production & deficiency

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6
Q

what does FSH act on?

A

acts on the Sertoli cells (only)

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7
Q

what does FSH have an effect on?

A 
production of (ABP) for transport of testosterone around blood
effect on germ cells
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8
Q

what is ABP?

A

Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) for transport of testosterone around blood

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9
Q

what does LH act on?

A

acts on the Leydig cells

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10
Q

what does LH produce?

A

produce testosterone

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11
Q

what does testosterone stimulate?

A

germ cells directly but also acts on bone, skin, hair and the accessory sexual organs

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12
Q

what is testosterone converted to?

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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13
Q

what does DHT effect?

A

effects on prostate and oestradiol – important in epiphysial closure and reproductive system

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14
Q

what is FSH negatively regulated by?

A

by inhibin, produced by S. cells at level of pituitary

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15
Q

what is FSH positively regulated by?

A

regulated by activin & follistatin

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16
Q

what is LH negatively regulated by?

A

by testosterone acting both at level of pituitary and hypothalamus

17
Q

what are the 4 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase (10-16 days)
ovulatory phase (36 hours)
luteal phase 14 days
menstruation (4-5 days)

18
Q

at what phase does the greatest variability occur?

A

follicular phase

19
Q

what does the gonadotropin releasing system do?

A

hypothalamic control LHRH

LH and FSH; pulsatile release

20
Q

what are the ovarian hormones?

A

oestrogen

progesterone

21
Q

what happens at follicular phase?

A

FSH acts on 1o and 2o follicles
causes follicular growth
promotes oestradiol secretion from follicles
FSH decreases as oestradiol rises

22
Q

what does LH allow?

A

1o oocyte completes meiosis I produces 2o oocyte & polar body
Stops at meiosis II metaphase (fertilised)

23
Q

what happens at the ovulatory phase?

A

oestradiol achieves threshold to switch to +ve feedback
surge of LH
oocyte matures
release of ovum

24
Q

what happens at the luteal phase?

A

Empty 3o follicle collapses – residual granulosa cells luteinise & invade - endocrine structure - corpus luteum
Secretes oestradiol and progesterone
maintains endometrium
suppresses LH/FSH

25
Q

what happens at the late luteal phase?

A 
corpus luteum involutes 
oestradiol and progesterone fall
endometrium not maintained (menstruation)
loss of -ve feedback
FSH rises 
begin new cycle
26
Q

what happens if fertilisation occurs?

A 
ovum implants
uterus secretes hCG
hCG maintains corpus luteum
corpus luteum secretes oestradiol and progesterone
endometrium maintained
no menstruation 
pregnancy established
27
Q

what are the effects of Oestrogens?

A 
maintenance of bone mass
effects on CNS 
effects on vasculature 
effects on lipid metabolism
effects on fat distribution 
promote insulin secretion
effects on blood clotting
28
Q

what are the roles of Progesterone?

A

causes body temp to rise
causes change to thick cervical mucus secretion
down regulates oestrogen receptors
exerts a -ve feedback control on the hypothalamus and pituitary

29
Q

what are the effects of menopause?

A

climacteric, mood changes, loss of libido, hot flushes

30
Q

what is menopause caused by?

A

by decline in ovarian foll. no’s + reduced responsiveness to gonadotrophins.
Loss of oestrogen
causes increase in LH + FSH

31
Q

what do the vasomotor changes in menopause cause?

A

hot flushes, night sweats

increased risk of coronary thrombosis

32
Q

what are the other effects of menopause?

A

reduction in vaginal lubrication rise in pH causes discomfort
Increased risk of osteoporosis
rationale for HRT

IMS (52 decks)

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