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IMS > LYMPHATIC SYSTEM > Flashcards

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

related in both structure & function to CV system.

Forms basis of Immune System

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2
Q

what are the 3 components of the lymphatic system?

A

Extensive network of capillaries & collecting vessels
Lymph Nodes
Lymphoid organs

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3
Q

what is the function of the extensive network of capillaries & collecting vessels?

A

receive fluid from loose connective tissues throughout body and transport to CV system

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4
Q

what is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

filter fluid in collecting vessels

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5
Q

what do the lymphoid organs consist of?

A

include lymphatic nodules, tonsils, spleen & thymus

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6
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid that accumulates in intercellular spaces

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7
Q

how is interstitial fluid formed?

A

Slightly more fluid leaves capillaries (with plasma proteins) than enters them

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8
Q

what happens if the fluid is left unchecked?

A

there would be a build-up of plasma proteins which would lead to oedema

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9
Q

where do plasma proteins enter?

A

cannot re-enter capillaries but can enter lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

what is the interstitial fluid in lymphatics called?

A

lymph

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11
Q

what is the one-way system of lymph?

A

flows to the heart, which begins in tiny, blind-ended lymph capillaries.

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12
Q

what are the types of lymphatic vessel types?

A

capillary
collecting vessel
trunk
duct

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13
Q

what happens at the arterial end of the capillary beds?

A

Hydrostatic & osmotic pressures force fluids, with plasma proteins, into interstitial space.

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14
Q

what happens at the venous end of the capillary bed?

A

Most fluid is reabsorbed

but some remains and needs to be returned to the blood

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15
Q

where are lymph capillaries not found?

A

occur alongside blood capillaries except: bone, bone marrow, teeth, and entire CNS

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16
Q

what are lymph capillaries?

A

Like blood capillaries but very permeable.

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17
Q

what are the 2 structural modifications of lymph capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells loosely overlap, open easily, create mini-valves.
Endothelial cells anchored to surrounding structures by fine filaments that separate with interstitial fluid vol.

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18
Q

what is the function of endothelial cells in lymph capillaries?

A

Expose gaps in capillary wall but close if fluid pressure is > inside capillary, preventing leakage.

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19
Q

how do lymph capillaries help prevent inflammation?

A

take up large particles eg. debris, pathogens, cells. Use this route to travel around body but only to “detour” lymph nodes filter fluid & I/S examines

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20
Q

what are lacteals?

A

Highly specialized lymph capillaries in villi of intestinal mucosa.

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21
Q

what is the lymph like in the intestinal mucosa?

A

Lymph here is milky white rather than clear as it contains digested intestinal fats and is called chyle.

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22
Q

what is the structure of the collecting vessels?

A

3 tunics like veins
thinner walls
more valves
more anastomosing

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23
Q

how do larger lymphatic vessels receive blood supply?

A

from vasa vasorum

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24
Q

how do collecting vessels in the skin travel?

A

with superficial veins

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25
Q

how do deep lymphatics travel?

A

with deep arteries

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26
Q

what do lymphatic trunks do?

A

Drain large areas of body; named after areas drained

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27
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct do?

A

drains lymph from right upper arm, right side of head and thorax.

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28
Q

what is the thoracic duct?

A

Much larger than right lymphatic duct, arises from cisterna chyli (enlarged sac), drains rest of body.

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29
Q

where does each duct empty its lymph?

A

into the venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein.

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30
Q

what is lymph transport like?

A

is pump-less thus have low pressure and slow moving

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31
Q

what are the same mechanisms as veins that lymph has?

A

milking action of muscles
breathing-induced pressure changes in thorax
use of valves
rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in the trunks and ducts

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32
Q

what is an important component of typhoid tissue?

A

loose CT (reticular CT) in all L. organs except the thymus.

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33
Q

where are macrophages and lymphocytes found?

A

Macrophages live on the fibers

lymphocytes reside temporarily in spaces

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34
Q

what are the 2 ways lymphoid tissue is “packaged” in different ways?

A

diffuse

follicles/nodules

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35
Q

how is lymphoid tissue diffuse?

A

found in most body organs esp. in mucous memb & in lymphoid organs.

36
Q

what are follicles/nodules?

A

solid, tightly packed, spherical bodies with centres (germinal centres)

37
Q

what does the centre of the follicles/nodules contain?

A

B cells

38
Q

where are follicles/nodules found?

A

within organs eg. lymph nodes but also singly in intestine (Peyer’s Patches).

39
Q

how is lymph filtered on the way to the bloodstream?

A

through lymph nodes

40
Q

where are lymph nodes found?

A

cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body

41
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Provide protective function via phagocytes activate Immune System

42
Q

where do lymph nodes cluster?

A

where lymphatic vessels converge to form trunks

eg. groin (inguinal), Arm pit (axillary), neck (cervical)

43
Q

what do lymph nodes contain?

A

fibrous capsule from which CT strands emerge (aka Trabeculae) and divide node into compartments

44
Q

what do lymph nodes provide?

A

Provides stroma of support for ever changing resident lymphoid cells

45
Q

what are the 2 distinct regions of lymph nodes?

A

outer cortex & inner medulla

46
Q

what does the cortex contain?

A

densely-packed follicles, many with germinal centers

47
Q

what wraps around the follicles?

A

Dendritic cells, to separate from transit T-cell rich interspaces

48
Q

what do T cells do?

A

circulate between blood, lymph and LNs for immune surveillance

49
Q

what does the medulla contain?

A

cords inward extensions of the cortex which contain lymphocytes and plasma cells

50
Q

what are lymph sinuses?

A

spanned by reticular fibres with resident M phi, enter the nodes, and phagocytose foreign material. Some leakage of antigens into surrounding reticular tissue that activate L.

51
Q

what is the only lymphoid tissue that filters lymph?

A

lymph node

52
Q

where does lymph enter?

A

many afferent lymphatic vessels on convex side

53
Q

where does lymph move through?

A

Moves through large bag-like sub-capsular sinus into smaller sinuses that pass through cortex to medulla.

54
Q

where does lymph leave?

A

via fewer efferent lymphatic vessels at hilus, an indented region on other side

55
Q

what does lymph leaving cause?

A

Causes lymph stagnation & increased access by M phi and lymphocytes

56
Q

where does lymph pass before its fully cleaned?

A

passes several nodes

57
Q

what is the spleen?

A

Largest L. organ; soft, blood-rich organ, fist size

58
Q

where is the spleen located?

A

on left abdomen under diaphragm

59
Q

how is the spleen supplied?

A

by large splenic artery & splenic vein that enter hilus on concave side

60
Q

what are the functions of the spleen?

A

L proliferation & immune surveillance/response
Cleans blood -remove old RBC/platelets, bacteria, virus, foreign matter, debris, toxins etc.
Storage of RBC constituents and release of others to liver
Stores platelets
Site of RBC production in fetus

61
Q

what is the structure of the spleen?

A

Like LN; Thin capsule with Trabeculae, contains L & M phi

62
Q

what are the 2 distinct area of the spleen?

A

Areas of L on reticular fibres: white pulp and form “cuffs” around central arteries.
Areas of red cells, venous sinus, splenic cords, and red pulp. Dispose of effete RBC and pathogens

63
Q

what is the thymus?

A

Bilobular organ located in lower neck, prominent in early life

64
Q

what is the function of the thymus?

A

Secretes thymosin, thymopentin to make T L immunocompetent.

65
Q

when is the thymus prominent?

A

in newborns, increases in size and is most active in childhood, begins to atrophy in adolescence. Is replaced by fibrous and fatty tissue in old age.

66
Q

what is the structure of the thymus?

A

Compare to cauliflower head: with flowerets the thymic lobules each with outer cortex and inner medulla

67
Q

what does the dark-staining cortex do?

A

Rapidly dividing, densely packed L, few M phi

68
Q

what does the light-staining medulla do?

A

fewer L, contains bizarre-shaped structures

69
Q

what are Hassal’s or thyme corpuscles?

A

responsible for the conversion of self-reactive T-lymphocytes into suppressive T-lymphocytes

70
Q

what 2 ways does the thymus differ from other lymphoid organs?

A

Functions only in T cell maturation

Stroma (framework)

71
Q

why does the thymus only function in T cell maturation?

A

does not fight antigens directly - blood-thymus barrier - prevents premature activation of immature L

72
Q

how does the stroma differ in thymus?

A

consists of star-shaped epithelial cells, not reticular cells, which aid L by secreting stimulating hormones

73
Q

what are the tonsils?

A

Simplest lymphoid organs - ring of tissue around entrance to throat (pharynx). Part encapsulated as swellings in mucosa

74
Q

what is the function of the tonsils?

A

Gather/remove pathogens entering in inhaled air/food

75
Q

what are the 4 tonsils?

A

palatine
lingual
pharyngeal (adenoids)
tubal

76
Q

where is the palatine?

A

largest tonsils and are located on either side of posterior end of oral cavity. Most often infected.

77
Q

where is the lingual?

A

Located at base of tongue

78
Q

where is the pharyngeal?

A

in posterior wall of nasopharynx

79
Q

where is the tubal?

A

surround opening of auditory tubes into pharynx

80
Q

what does the tonsils contain?

A

Contain nodules with germinal centers surrounded by diffusely scattered L.

81
Q

what does the exterior surface of the tonsil do?

A

Covered by squamous epithelium that invaginates deep into tonsil to form blind-ended crypts that trap bacteria & particles.

82
Q

where is bacteria killed?

A

in lymphoid tissue. Produces ‘memory’ immune cells.

83
Q

what are peyer’s patches?

A

Large isolated clusters of nodules similar to tonsil, located in wall of ileum

84
Q

what is the appendix?

A

clusters of nodules

85
Q

what is the function of the Peyer’s Patches & appendix?

A 
destroy bacteria (many in gut) 
generate memory L for long-term immunity.  
MALT -for respiratory and digestive tract protection.

IMS (52 decks)

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