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IMS > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 2 > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the digestive accessory organs?

A

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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2
Q

what do the salivary glands do?

A

secrete lubricating fluid & enzymes that break down carbs

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3
Q

what does the the liver do?

A

Bile production; storage

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4
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores & concentrates bile

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5
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

Exocrine cells (fluid & enzymes), endocrine cells (hormones)

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6
Q

where are the small salivary glands?

A

Situated in submucosa of oral cavity + tongue

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7
Q

how are the small salivary glands grouped?

A 
Lingual
Labial
Buccal
Molar
Palatine
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8
Q

what are the 3 types of large salivary glands?

A

sublingual
submandibular
parotid

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9
Q

where is the sublingual gland?

A

Beneath tongue

Many ducts

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10
Q

where is the submandibular gland?

A

Floor of mouth
Along inner surface of mandible
Ducts behind teeth

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11
Q

where is the parotid gland?

A

Largest, empties into mouth at the second molar

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12
Q

what kind of glands are all the salivary glands?

A

All tubulo-acinar glands

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13
Q

what are the large salivary glands?

A

Glands close to oral cavity secrete mucus

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14
Q

what so the Sublingual glands secrete?

A

Mainly mucus acini

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15
Q

what do the Submandibular glands secrete?

A

Serous and mucus acini

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16
Q

what do the Parotid glands secrete?

A

Almost exclusively serous acini

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17
Q

what is the liver?

A

Largest gland of body (and largest internal organ)

Highly vascularised

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18
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

2 major – left + right (largest)

2 minor – caudate + quadrate

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19
Q

what is the liver surrounded by?

A

CT

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20
Q

what does the liver function as?

A

an exocrine gland (secretes onto an epithelium via a duct)

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21
Q

where does the liver receive blood from?

A

2 vessels
Hepatic artery (oxygenated, from aorta)
Hepatic portal vein (from digestive system + spleen)

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22
Q

what is the percentage of arterial blood in the liver?

A

25%

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23
Q

what is the percentage of venous blood in the liver?

A

75%

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24
Q

where is blood discharged from the liver?

A

into small vascular channels called sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries)

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25
Q

what are kupffer cells?

A

Sinusoidal macrophages
Destroy bacteria
Degrade worn-out blood-cells

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26
Q

where does the blood flow out of the liver in order?

A

capillaries, central vein, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava

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27
Q

what are hepatic sinusoids lined by?

A

discontinuous sinusoidal epithelium

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28
Q

what is the liver lobule?

A

Basic functional unit of the liver

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29
Q

what are the specialised epithelial cells in the liver?

A

hepatocytes

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30
Q

what is a lobule composed of?

A

Terminal hepatic venule
Interconnecting plates of hepatocytes
Peripherally arranged portal triads

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31
Q

what is the lobule delimited by?

A

by CT, called interlobular septum

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32
Q

what are the 3 hepatocyte zones of the liver lobule?

A

periportal
mid zone
centriolobular

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33
Q

what is the periportal hepatocyte zone?

A

Highest nutrient component
Most oxygenated
Highest toxin conc.

34
Q

what is the mid zone hepatocyte zone?

A

no sharp boundaries

35
Q

what is the centriolobular hepatocyte zone?

A

Lowest nutrient component, but larger glycogen + fat deposits
Least oxygenated

36
Q

what is the organic composition of bile?

A

bilirubin

37
Q

what is the inorganic composition of bile?

A

bile salts

38
Q

what is bile produced by?

A

hepatocytes

39
Q

where does bile pass into?

A

bile canaliculi

40
Q

where do canaliculi carry bile?

A

to bile duct (counter-current to blood flow)

41
Q

what is the bile duct lined by?

A

cholangiocytes

42
Q

what are the features of cholangiocytes?

A

Short microvilli
One cilium per cell
Senses change in flow (mechanosensory)

43
Q

what are the Terminal bile ducts lined with?

A

cuboidal epithelium

44
Q

what are the Intrahepatic bile ducts?

A

Coalesce into left + right hepatic ducts

Unite to form common hepatic duct

45
Q

what are the Intrahepatic bile ducts lined by?

A

Columnar epithelium

46
Q

where does the cystic duct travel to and from?

A

to/from gallbladder

47
Q

where does the common bile duct travel to?

A

to the duodenum

48
Q

what is the gallbladder?

A 
Ovoid sac with muscular wall
Can distend (swell)
49
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Concentrates and stores bile

50
Q

where are H2O + ions absorbed?

A

by mucosa

51
Q

where does the gallbladder receives watery bile from?

A

the hepatic duct

52
Q

where does the gall bladder empty thick, concentrated bile into?

A

the common bile duct

53
Q

what are the 3 layers of the gallbladder?

A

mucosa
muscularis externa
adventitia

54
Q

what is the mucosa layer of the gallbladder made of?

A

Columnar epithelium with microvilli

55
Q

what does the mucosa layer of the gallbladder not contain?

A

No mucus producing cells

No muscularis mucosae or submucosa

56
Q

what is the mucosa layer of the gallbladder arranged in?

A

in plicae

57
Q

how is concentrated bile expelled in the mucosa layer of the gallbladder?

A

by contraction of smooth muscle wall

58
Q

what is Cholecystokinin in the gallbladder?

A

CCK is a peptide hormone released from inclusion cells in duodenum

59
Q

what does CCK do?

A

Reduces digestive motility + gastric emptying

60
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

behind the stomach

61
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

Elongate organ

Retroperitoneal

62
Q

what is the structure of the pancreas?

A

No distinct capsule

Covered by a thin layer of connective tissue

63
Q

what does the pancreas function as?

A

Endocrine and exocrine functions

64
Q

what is the exocrine part of the pancreas composed of?

A

tubulo-acinar glands

65
Q

what does the exocrine part of the pancreas secrete?

A

pancreatic juice Alkaline fluid composed of enzyme precursors

66
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas made of?

A

Single layer of epithelial cells form secretory acini

67
Q

what are the ducts of the pancreas?

A

acini, interlobular, pancreatic, bile duct

68
Q

what is the acini duct?

A

1st part of intercalated duct

69
Q

what is the interlobular duct made of?

A

columnar epithelium

70
Q

what is the pancreatic duct made of?

A

columnar epithelium

71
Q

what does the bile duct secrete into?

A

the duodenum

72
Q

what does the endocrine part of the pancreas contain?

A

islets of langerhans

73
Q

where do the islets of langerhans secrete products to?

A

into pancreatic ducts

74
Q

what do the islets of langerhans contain?

A

Contain a variety of neuroendocrine cells

75
Q

what are Beta cells?

A

Secrete: insulin + amylin

Stimulates glycogen, protein and fatty acid synthesis

76
Q

what are Alpha cells?

A

Secrete: glucagon

Generally opposite actions of insulin

77
Q

what are Delta cells?

A

Secrete: somatostatin
Locally acting hormone
Inhibits other endocrine cells

78
Q

what are PP-cells (pancreatic polypeptides)?

A

Stimulates gastric chief cells

Inhibits bile secretion

79
Q

what are Epsilon cells?

A

Secrete: Ghrelin

Stimulates appetite

80
Q

what are EC (enterochromaffin) cells?

A

Secretes:
Secretin: controls secretion of other hormones
Motilin: stimulates gastric activity
Substance-P: wide range of functions

81
Q

what are D1 cells?

A

Secrete: VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)
Relaxes stomach and gallbladder
Reduces arterial BP

IMS (52 decks)

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