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IMS > INTRO TO NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

INTRO TO NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what is a nuclei?

A

functional clusters of nerve cell bodies

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2
Q

what is a tract?

A

groups of nerve axons

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3
Q

what are neurons/nerve cells?

A

excitable cells that communicate via electrical and chemical signals

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4
Q

what are glial cells and how common are they?

A

supporting cells that account for 90% of the cells in the nervous system

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5
Q

what is a unipolar neuron?

A

have a single projection from the cell body (rare in humans)

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6
Q

what is a bipolar neuron?

A

have 2 projections (an axon and a dendrite from the same cell body)

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7
Q

what is a pseudo-unipolar neuron?

A

subdivision of bipolar neurons, cell body branched off axon outside CNS in a ganglion

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8
Q

what is a multipolar neuron?

A

have multiple projections (one is the axon and the others are dendrites)

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9
Q

what is an efferent neuron?

A

transmit information from the CNS to the effector organs

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10
Q

what is an afferent neuron?

A

transmit either sensory information (outside) visceral information (inside)

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11
Q

what is an interneuron?

A

Located entirely in the CNS, go between sensory and effector, carry out functions within the brain

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12
Q

what is the function of glial cells?

A

Provide structural integrity for nervous system

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13
Q

how many types of glial cells are there?

A

5 types and only the Schwaan cells are located in the PNS

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14
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

support, nutrients, develop/maintain BBB

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15
Q

what are microglia?

A

small, mobile, macrophages for CNS

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16
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

line cavities and fluid-filled spaces

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17
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

form myelin around axons in the CNS

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18
Q

what are schwaan cells?

A

form myelin around axons in PNS

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19
Q

what is the CNS?

A

comprises the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

what is the PNS?

A

comprises the spinal and cranial nerves

gives rise to the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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21
Q

what is the SoNS?

A

Part of the PNS associated with the voluntary control of movement

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22
Q

what is the function of the SoNS?

A

Responsible for communicating info from outside the body

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23
Q

what 2 neurons are associated with the SoNS?

A

afferent (sensory) nerves that bring external information to the spinal cord
efferent (motor) nerves responsible for muscle contraction

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24
Q

what are the protective layers of the brain?

A

Skull
Cranial meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood brain barrier

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25
Q

what are the protective layers of the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral column
Spinal meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

what are the meninges?

A

three connective tissue coverings that encircle brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

what is the dura matter?

A

tough, outer membrane

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28
Q

what is the arachnoid matter?

A

elastic, middle membrane, act as a cushion

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29
Q

what is the pia matter?

A

fine, inner membrane

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30
Q

what is the epidural space?

A

between dura mater and all of vertebral canal

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31
Q

what is the subdural space?

A

between dura mater and arachnoid mater and contains interstitial fluid

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32
Q

what is the subarachnoid space?

A

between arachnoid mater and pia mater

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33
Q

what is the CSF?

A

clear colourless liquid found in the brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

what is the function of the CSF?

A

acts as a cushion/buffer for the cortex providing protection of the brain inside the skull

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35
Q

what does the CSF contain?

A

small amounts of protein, glucose and potassium

large amounts of NACL

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36
Q

where is the CSF produced?

A

choroid plexus of the brain

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37
Q

what can the CSF be used for and why?

A

can be sampled to aid diagnosis of certain conditions

maintains its own pressure (which can be measured to diagnose or treat illness)

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38
Q

what are the ventricles?

A

4 cavities found in the brain

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39
Q

what is the central canal?

A

a long thin cylindrical cavity that runs the length of the spinal cord

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40
Q

what is located in the ventricles?

A

choroid plexuses

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41
Q

what do the choroid plexuses do?

A

fills the ventricles and subarachnoid space with CSF, following a cycle of constant production and reabsorption

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42
Q

how does the blood flow to the brain?

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

43
Q

where about does the blood flow into the brain?

A

into dural sinuses

44
Q

where does blood empty in the brain?

A

into internal jugular veins

45
Q

how does blood flow to the spinal cord?

A

posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries

46
Q

where does blood empty in the spinal cord?

A

into posterior intercostal and lumbar veins

47
Q

how are tight junctions formed in the brain BV and what do they do?

A

astrocytes stimulate endothelial cells to develop tight junctions and this severely limits permeability to and from the CNS

48
Q

what types of drugs is the BBB restricts to?

A

lipophilic drugs (can traverse the lipid membranes of cells)

49
Q

what so brain epithelial cells have?

A

a number of carrier mechanisms transporting hydrophilic nutrients, amino acids

50
Q

what is the BBB?

A

highly selective semipermeable memb barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and ECF in the CNS

51
Q

what does white matter consist of?

A

neuronal axons (mostly myelyinated) - myelin is fatty so appears white

52
Q

what does grey matter consist of?

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons and glial cells

53
Q

what occurs in the grey matter?

A

Synaptic transmission and neural integration

54
Q

what is the spinal cord?

A

Long tubular bundle of nerve+supporting cells that extends from the brainstem, protected by the vertebral column

55
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

56
Q

what are the sub-divisions of the spinal nerves?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions

57
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord?

A

channel for both motor and sensory info

Centre for coordinating reflex actions

58
Q

how is the grey matter organised in the spinal cord?

A

different neurons are located in different regions, includes one dorsal horn and one ventral horn on each side

59
Q

where do afferent fibres originate?

A

in the periphery as sensory receptors

60
Q

where do afferent fibres terminate?

A

in the dorsal horn where they synapse on interneurons/efferent neurons

61
Q

where do efferent fibres originate?

A

in the ventral horn

62
Q

where do efferent fibres travel to?

A

to the periphery, where they form synapses with effector organs e.g. skeletal muscles

63
Q

what do tracts in the white matter do?

A

provide communication either between the levels of the spinal cord or between the brain and spinal cord

64
Q

what do ascending tracts do?

A

transmit info from spinal cord to brain

65
Q

what do descending tracts do?

A

transmit information from brain to spinal cord

66
Q

what do the tracts link?

A

link the peripheral nerves to the brain

67
Q

what is the forebrain?

A

largest, most superior part

divided into 2 hemispheres, contains the cerebrum and diencephalon

68
Q

what is the brainstem?

A

connects the forebrain and cerebellum to the spinal cord

69
Q

what does the brainstem contain?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

houses the reticular formation

70
Q

where is the medulla oblongata?

A

sits directly above the spinal cord, connects to forebrain

71
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

contains several centres that control autonomic (involuntary) functions including digestion, breathing and heart rate

72
Q

where are the pons?

A

sits above the medulla, connects to cerebellum

73
Q

what is the function of the pons?

A

acts as a relay station conveying info from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum

74
Q

where is the midbrain?

A

sits on top of the pons, connects to spinal cord

75
Q

what is the function of the midbrain?

A

controls many of the sensory/motor functions including eye movement and the coordination of audio visual reflexes

76
Q

what is reticular formation?

A

involved in many involuntary functions and is a network of interconnected nuclei and the reticular activating system (RAS)

77
Q

what does the output of RAS do?

A

affects the activity of the cerebral cortex

78
Q

what is the function of RAS?

A

Controlling our awareness, Attention, Wakefulness/sleep

Consciousness

79
Q

where is the cerebellum?

A

Lies beneath the occipital lobe and behind the brainstem

80
Q

what does the cerebellum contain?

A

extensive connections with the cerebral hemispheres and spinal cord

81
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

control and coordination of movement control centre

82
Q

where is the highest level of motor control found?

A

from the cortex

83
Q

what do the basal ganglia and cerebellum provide?

A

feedback to the cerebral cortex and brainstem

84
Q

where is the diencephalon?

A

Lies rostral to the midbrain and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

85
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

processes most of the sensory info reaching the cerebral cortex from the rest of the CNS

86
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

involved in regulating autonomic (temperature, circulation, food intake), endocrine and visceral functions

87
Q

what is the hypothalamus connected to?

A

limbic system – emotional behaviour

88
Q

what does the cerebrum contain?

A

deep subcortical nuclei and cerebral cortex

89
Q

what does the deep nuclei contain?

A 
Basal nuclei (basal ganglia), Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Those in the limbic system
90
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

Largest part of the brain

2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum

91
Q

what does the cerebral cortex contain?

A

Highly convoluted layer of grey matter consisting of sulci and gyri

92
Q

what does the frontal lobe control?

A

personality, voluntary motor activity

93
Q

what does the temporal lobe contain?

A

senses of smell, hearing, taste

94
Q

what does the parietal lobe control?

A

peripheral sensations

95
Q

what does the occipital lobe control?

A

vision

96
Q

how do complex functions occur?

A

require involvement of more than one lobe of cortex, but often concentrated in one hemisphere

97
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A

Collection of deep nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres, impact on motor control

98
Q

what nuclei are involved in the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Striatum

99
Q

what does the basal ganglia do?

A

Helps to initiate and terminate movements, supress unwanted movements and regulate muscle tone

100
Q

how is the function of the basal ganglia achieved?

A

by modulating activity in various descending pathways

101
Q

where is the limbic system?

A

Lies underneath the cerebral cortex

102
Q

what structures does the limbic system contain?

A

Amygdala, Hippocampus, Fornix, Cingulate gyrus

Potions of the thalamus and hypothalamus

103
Q

what is the function of the limbic structures?

A

generate emotional states such as fear, arousal, rage, happiness and contribute to memory and learning processes

IMS (52 decks)

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