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IMS > CAUSES OF INFECTION > Flashcards

CAUSES OF INFECTION Flashcards

1
Q

what agents cause infection?

A 
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites 
Prions
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2
Q

what factors will allow infection to occur?

A

Barriers to infection

Environment

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3
Q

what are viruses?

A

Smaller than cellular organisms
Metabolically inert, Simple structure
Need living host cells to replicate

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4
Q

what do viruses infect?

A

animals, plants and bacteria (bacteriophages)

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5
Q

what are the 3 major components of a virus?

A

genetic material- either DNA or RNA; protein coat; lipid envelope which is derived from the host cell

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6
Q

what do viruses contain?

A

genetic material but no organelles

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7
Q

what do viruses rely on to reproduce?

A

their host’s organelles/ systems

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8
Q

how do viruses act?

A

They use surface protein(s) to bind to a cell, insert their genetic material into it

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9
Q

how long do viruses infect host cells for?

A

fo differing lengths of time

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10
Q

give examples of viruses

A

chickenpox virus
rhinovirus
hepatitis C virus

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11
Q

how long does the chickenpox virus act for?

A

can lay dormant for decades, emerging to cause shingles

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12
Q

how long does the rhinovirus act for?

A

infects hosts for days, causing a cold

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13
Q

how long does the hepatitis C virus act for?

A

causes chronic liver infection over years

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14
Q

do viruses differ in the severity of disease?

A

yes

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15
Q

what are severe viruses?

A

Ebola

SARS

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16
Q

what are variable viruses?

A

Flu - different strains of influenza virus cause differing severity

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17
Q

what are mild viruses?

A 
Rhinovirus
Herpes simplex (cold sore or genital sores)
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18
Q

what is bacteria?

A

Unicellular organisms
Reproduce asexually
Some move using flagella and attach via fimbriae

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19
Q

what does bacteria contain?

A

cell membrane
cell wall
no nucleus-genetic material is DNA but no bound by membrane

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20
Q

how is bacteria classified?

A

According to shape

According to ability of cell wall to take up stain

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21
Q

what are the different shapes of bacteria?

A

round- cocci
rods- bacilli
spiral

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22
Q

what are the different classifications that bacteria can take up stains?

A

gram positive

gram negative

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23
Q

what does the type of cell wall help determine?

A

structural strength of cell, and how well it can survive in the environment or in
dry conditions

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24
Q

what colour does gram negative stain?

A

stains pink

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25
Q

what colour does gram positive stain?

A

stains purple

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26
Q

give examples of bacterial diseases

A

Meningococcal sepsis
Bacterial endocarditis
Cellulitis
Streptococcal throat infection

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27
Q

what is fungi?

A

Kingdom of their own

Eukaryotes

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28
Q

what do fungi contain?

A

Cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasmic structures

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29
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

sexually or asexually

30
Q

give examples of fungi

A

yeasts
moulds
Diamorphic fungi (can switch between types)

31
Q

what are the different types of fungal infections?

A

mild or severe infections

32
Q

give examples of mild fungal infections

A

thrush, athletes foot, ringworm

33
Q

give examples of severe fungal infections

A

In the Immunocompromised
(Cryptococcal meningitis in HIV patients, Invasive candida in ICU)
Or Immune competent

34
Q

what are the 3 types of parasites?

A

ectoparasites
endoparasites
epiparasites

35
Q

what are ectoparasites?

A

live outside the body

36
Q

give an example of ectoparasites

A

fleas

ticks

37
Q

what are endoparasites?

A

live inside the body

38
Q

give examples of endoparasites

A

worms

39
Q

what are epiparasites?

A

a parasite which lives on another parasite

40
Q

give an example of epiparasites

A

malaria (mosquito)

41
Q

what are the 2 classes of human parasites?

A

Unicellular organisms- Protozoa

Worms- Helminths

42
Q

why do human parasites have complex life cycles?

A

Many human infections are “accidental”

Life cycle often involves other animals

43
Q

give an example of a parasitic disease

A

giardia

44
Q

what does giardia cause?

A

Cause bloody diarrhoea

45
Q

how is giardia caught?

A

Caught from drinking infected water

46
Q

how is giardia detected?

A

May be seen in stool under a light microsope

Cyst form aids survival + spread

47
Q

what is malaria?

A

One of the biggest killers worldwide
Complex life cycle
Reproduce in female anopheles mosquito

48
Q

what does malaria infect?

A

Infect human red blood cells

49
Q

what are the 4 different types of malarial parasites?

A

Falciparum is most severe
Different types occur in different geographical areas with some overlap
Resistance to treatment is now a problem in many areas

50
Q

what are worms?

A

Helminths

51
Q

what are the 3 different types of worms+ examples

A

Cestodes (tapeworms)
Trematodes (flukes)
Nematodes (round worms)

52
Q

what shape are Cestodes?

A

Segmented, flat

53
Q

what shape are Trematodes?

A

Unsegmented, flat

54
Q

what shape are Nematodes?

A

Cylindrical, have digestive tract with lips, teeth and anus

55
Q

give an examples of cestodes?

A

tapeworms

Fish, pork, beef tapeworms

56
Q

what causes tapeworms?

A

Malabsorption
Malnutrition in chronic disease
Cysts in muscle or brain

57
Q

give an example of nematodes?

A

round worms

58
Q

what are tapeworms?

A

Biggest of helminth family

Huge burden of disease worldwide

59
Q

what causes tapeworms?

A

Diarhoea / malabsorption

60
Q

what are the different types of trematodes?

A 
Flukes
Lung flukes
Liver flukes
Pancreatic flukes
Intestinal flukes
Blood flukes- Schistosoma
61
Q

what are prions?

A

Smallest infective agents known

Proteinaceous Infectious particles

62
Q

what do prions lack?

A

Lack nucleic acid - not a ‘living organism’

63
Q

how are prions caused?

A

Proteins fold abnormally and accumulate, mainly in neural tissue

64
Q

are prions difficult to destroy?

A

yes

65
Q

give examples of prions disease

A

CJD
BSE
Scrapie
Kuru

66
Q

what is CJD?

A

fatal, degenerative neurological disease

67
Q

how is CJD transmitted?

A

Transmitted through contaminated human growth hormone, surgical instruments and corneal grafts

68
Q

what does BSE occur in?

A

cattle

69
Q

what does Scrapie occur in?

A

sheep

70
Q

what are the different types of defence mechanism?

A 
skin
mucus membrane 
stomach acid
commensal microflora 
immune system (innate+learnt)
behaviour (good hygiene practise)

IMS (52 decks)

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