Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMS > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

how do cells communicate?

A

contact-dependent
paracrine
synaptic
endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Discrete glands & tissues: Chemical messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where do the chemical messengers enter?

A

Enter bloodstream: dispersed throughout body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what cells do the chemical messengers exert an effect on?

A

target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are target cells?

A

specific high affinity receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the function of endocrine cells?

A

secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do endocrine cells gather to form?

A

specialised organ/gland

adrenal, pituitary, pineal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what else can endocrine cells form?

A

discreet clusters in another specialised organs -ovary, testis, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where might endocrine cells be dispersed?

A

singly amongst cells in other
epithelial tissue
diffuse enteroendocrine system in gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

Multifunctional gland: secretes large number of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the pituitary gland activate?

A

peripheral endocrine cells -adrenal, thyroid, testis, ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the pituitary gland?

A

under brain linked by pituitary stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the structure of the pituitary gland?

A

Anatomically divided – anterior & posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the anterior pituitary?

A

Epithelial tissue with 3 distinct components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 3 components of the anterior pituitary?

A

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the pars distalis?

A

major portion of gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the pars tuberalis?

A

layer of cells running up stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the pars intermedia?

A

narrow band bordering P lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 3 cell types in the anterior pituitary?

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what stain do acidophils produce?

A

acidic dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what stain do basophils produce?

A

basic dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what stain do chromophobes produce?

A

no cytoplasmic staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 2 types of acidophils?

A

somatotrophs

lactotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are somatotrophs?

A

Stimulates cell growth & replication
increase rate of protein synthesis
increase GH production=acromegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are lactotrophs?

A

prolactin
Stimulates mammary gland development
Pregnancy/nursing stimulates milk production
increase in size & number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 4 types of basophils?

A

corticotrophs
gonadotrophs
thyrotrophs
chromophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is an example of corticotrophins?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is an example of gonadotrophs?

A

FSH & LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are corticotrophins?

A

Release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex

e.g. glucocorticoids (cortisol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are gonadotrophs?

A

Regulate activity of gonads (ovary & testis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is FSH?

A

F-follicle development & secretion of oestrogen’s

M-sustentacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is LH?

A

Induces ovulation / estrogen & progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is thyrotrophs?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates growth thyroid epithelial cells
Release of thyroid hormones

34
Q

what is chromophores?

A

fail to stain- too few granules

may be any of 5 types

35
Q

what is found in the posterior pituitary?

A

Pars nervosa (neural lobe)

36
Q

what is the Pars nervosa (neural lobe)?

A

Continuation of hypothalamic region of brain into pituitary stalk
Contains axons of hypothalamic neurons

37
Q

what 2 hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin
38
Q

what does ADH do?

A

decrease H2O loss by kidneys

39
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

Promotes contraction of smooth muscle uterus &

myoepithelial cells breast

40
Q

where is the pineal gland?

A

Located under brain –composed of lobules of specialised cells

41
Q

what are the 2 types of specialised cells in the pineal gland?

A

pinealocytes

glial cells

42
Q

what are pinealocytes?

A

Neuron-like cells which produce melatonin

43
Q

what are glial cells?

A

Bipolar elongated cells that run between nests of pinealocytes – indistinct unless stained

44
Q

what is melatonin?

A

Secreted by pineal gland responds to light & regulates seasonal changes in the body

45
Q

what effect does ageing have on melatonin?

A

Declines with aging & is thought to trigger changes throughout the endocrine system

46
Q

what is the structure of the thyroid gland?

A

Bilobed
Curves across anterior surface of trachea
Lobes connected isthmus

47
Q

what are the 3 hormones in the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Calcitonin

48
Q

what are T3 and T4 involved in?

A

metabolism

49
Q

what is calcitonin involved in?

A

calcium homeostasis

50
Q

what is a follicle of the thyroid gland?

A

structural unit

hollow spheres of cuboidal epithelial cells

51
Q

what is the lumen of the follicle filled with?

A

colloid

52
Q

what is surrounding each follicle?

A

basement membrane enclosing C-cells in a parafollicular position

53
Q

what is an under active thyroid?

A

Increase colloid, flattened cells

54
Q

what is an overactive thyroid?

A

Decrease colloid, tall cells

55
Q

where are the parathyroid glands?

A

Embedded in posterior surface of thyroid

Separated by dense capsular fibres of thyroid

56
Q

what do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

57
Q

what is PTH involved in?

A

calcium homeostasis

58
Q

what are the 2 cells in the parathyroid glands?

A

chief cells

oxyphils

59
Q

where is the pancreas?

A

Lies within abdominopelvic cavity

60
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas contain?

A

Pancreatic acini arranged in clusters

61
Q

what does the endocrine pancreas contain?

A

Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)

Small groups cells scattered among the exocrine cells

62
Q

what do the pancreatic islets contain?

A

Extensive capillary network:hormones to blood stream

Each islet contains 4 cell types

63
Q

what are the alpha cells?

A

Glucagon

increase blood glucose  and glycogen breakdown liver

64
Q

what are beta cells?

A

Insulin

increase blood glucose and glycogen synthesis liver

65
Q

what are delta cells?

A

Inhibiting peptide
Inhibits release of glucagon & insulin
Slows food absorption + enzyme secretion

66
Q

what are F cells?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide
Inhibits gall bladder contractions
Regulates production of some pancreatic enzymes

67
Q

what is the adrenal gland?

A

2 distinct endocrine systems within one organ

68
Q

what does the adrenal gland contain?

A

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

69
Q

what is the adrenal cortex?

A

outer layer

Secretes steroid hormones (cholesterol)

70
Q

what is the adrenal medulla?

A

inner layer

Neuroendocrine component - epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

71
Q

what are the 3 distinct zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulus
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

72
Q

what is the zona glomerulus?

A

Outer (smallest)

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

73
Q

what is the zona fasciculata?

A

Middle (biggest, yellow)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol & corticosterone)

74
Q

what is the zona reticularis?

A

Inner (pale brown)

Androgens (DHEA & androstenedione)

75
Q

how does the foetus/neonate adrenal cortex differ?

A

cortex is large & has 4th external layer – involutes after birth

76
Q

where is the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

from neural crest & part of neuroendocrine system

77
Q

what is the structure of the adrenal medulla?

A

Usually brown in colour

Cells - large pale staining nuclei & fine, granular cytoplasm

78
Q

how are the cells arranged in the adrenal medulla?

A

Cells polyhedral in shape – arranged in clumps, cords, columns & surrounded by rich network capillaries

79
Q

what is the effect of cortisol on age?

A

increases with age

80
Q

what hormones decline with age?

A

sex hormones
melatonin
growth hormone

IMS (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions