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IMS > INTRO TO SPECIFIC IMMUNITY > Flashcards

INTRO TO SPECIFIC IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

what are physical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

skin

mucous memb

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2
Q

what is the inflammatory response of the tissues?

A

histamines

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3
Q

what are anti-microbial proteins?

A

complement

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4
Q

what are the cells of the immune system?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Eosinophils
NK cells

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5
Q

what does the immune response rely on?

A

on the immunocompetent B cells and T cells

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6
Q

when do B cells develop?

A

continuously develop within the bone marrow

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7
Q

where do T cells develop from?

A

from pre- t cells that migrate into the thymus from the bone marrow

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8
Q

when do T cells arise?

A

before puberty but maturation tends to continue throughout life

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9
Q

what do mature T and B cells develop?

A

develop distinctive membrane bound proteins these proteins include antigen receptors, CD4, CD8 proteins

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10
Q

what do CD4 and CD8 proteins give rise to?

A

CD4+ and CD8 T cells

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of immune response?

A

cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity

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12
Q

what does cell mediated immunity involve?

A

involves CD8+ T cells proliferating into cytotoxic T cells

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13
Q

what is cell mediated immunity associated with?

A

with targeting intracellular pathogens (fungi parasites and viruses), some cancer cells and foreign tissues

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14
Q

what does antibody mediated immunity involve?

A

the transformation of B cells into plasma cells

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15
Q

what do plasma cells synthesis and secrete?

A

immunoglobulins, or antibodies, and these bind to and inactivate specific antigens

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16
Q

what is antibody mediated immunity associated with?

A

with targeting antigens in the body fluids and pathogens that replicate in the body fluids

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17
Q

what are cell mediated and antibody mediated responses are aided by?

A

by CD4+ T cell derived helper cells

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18
Q

what are antigens?

A

Non-self molecular configuration

may be part of a single foreign protein or a molecule that is part of a large and complex structure such as a bacterium

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19
Q

what do antigens do?

A

activate the adaptive response eg antibody production

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20
Q

what is immunogenicity?

A

an ability to induce a response mediated by the production of specific T cells or specific antibodies

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21
Q

what is reactivity?

A

the ability to react with antibodies or specific T cells

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22
Q

what is an antigen?

A

a foreign particle that has reactivity or reactivity and immunogenicity

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23
Q

what are complete antigens?

A

foreign particles that have immunogenicity and reactivity

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24
Q

what happens with smaller substances that have reactivity but lack immunogenicity?

A

these can only stimulate an immune response if they combine with a larger carrier molecule

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25
Q

what are epitopes?

A

part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself

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26
Q

what do T cells respond to?

A

to protein antigens

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27
Q

what do B cells respond to?

A

to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

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28
Q

how are antigens recognised?

A

only a small component of an antigen initiates an immune response, the epitopes

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29
Q

what happens when antigens come into contact with the immune system?

A

they are carried via the blood to the spleen, or via the lymph to the lymph nodes, where they are trapped by the reticular fibres of the reticular cells

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30
Q

what happens when antigens come into contact with the mucous membrane?

A

antigens are trapped by mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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31
Q

what is needed for T cell development?

A

mature TCR

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32
Q

why are molecules expressed on the surface of cells important?

A

important in immune response

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33
Q

what is the Major histocompatibility complex MHC?

A

mhc

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34
Q

what does the MHC do?

A

guide recognition of antigen by T cells
bind epitopes of antigens and present them to T cells
highly polymorphic in the population

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35
Q

what is histocompatibility?

A

Self-cells express self-antigens in the plasma memb, the major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) antigens.

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36
Q

what are MHCs expressed by?

A

by every cell of in the body except the RBC

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37
Q

how does the MHC function?

A

by helping T cells recognise foreign antigens

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38
Q

what are the 2 types of MHC?

A

class I and class II

39
Q

where are MHC I built into?

A

the plasma membrane of all the bodies cells

40
Q

where are MHC II built into?

A

found only on the membranes of antigen presenting cells such as thymic cells and active T cells

41
Q

what has lead to histocompatibilty and tissue typing?

A

that MHCs occur and that they play a part in the rejection of donor tissue

42
Q

what is antigen processing achieved by?

A

by T and B cells recognising the antigen

43
Q

what do B cells recognise?

A

antigens in the body fluids

44
Q

what do T cells recognise?

A

antigens presented to them in combination with MHC

45
Q

where do MHC proteins arise from?

A

fragments of self proteins

46
Q

what do the fragments associate with?

A

with a peptide binding groove of a newly synthesised MHC molecule

47
Q

what does the peptide binding groove do?

A

stabilises the MHC molecule and enable it to be incorporated into the cell memb as a functional self antigen

48
Q

what happens if the protein fragment arises from a non-self source?

A

the newly synthesised MHC protein will then express a non self surface antigen

49
Q

what 2 ways does the processing of foreign antigens occur?

A

exogenous antigen processing

endogenous antigen processing

50
Q

what is exogenous antigen processing?

A

relates to antigens found in the body fluids

51
Q

what are exogenous antigens initially dealt with?

A

by antigen presenting cells (APCs)

52
Q

what do APCs include?

A

macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells

53
Q

what do APCs ingest?

A

the antigen the antigen is then digested into peptide fragments
these are then transferred to small vesicle like structures

54
Q

what do APCs synthesis?

A

MHC-II molecules that are packaged into vesicles so that the MHC –II molecules line the inner memb of the vesicles

55
Q

what happens to the 2 vesicle types?

A

they fuse allowing the antigen fragments to combine with the MHC-II molecules

56
Q

what are the large vesicles lined with?

A

with the antigen fragment/MHC-II complexes

57
Q

what happens to the large vesicles?

A

they undergo exocytosis, which results in the antigen fragment/MHC-II complex being presented as an external component of the cell memb

58
Q

what happens to the APC after processing?

A

APC then migrates to the lymphatic tissue where the antigen can be presented to the T cells

59
Q

what are endogenous antigens?

A

antigens produced within a cell, and fragments of these become associated with MHC-I molecules

60
Q

where does the antigen MHC-I complex moves to?

A

to the cell memb where it is displayed as a surface antigen

61
Q

when do T cells recognise antigens?

A

when they are inside/associated with other cells of the body

62
Q

what don’t T cells recognise?

A

free antigens

63
Q

what do T cells recognise?

A

epitopes of antigens presented to them by MHC molecules on the surface of other cells in the body

64
Q

what is the T cell response directed towards?

A

the “infected” or foreign cell

65
Q

what are the 2 stages involved in the T cell activation process?

A

initial binding of a T cell with a specific antigen

co-stimulation

66
Q

what are co-stimulants?

A

some cytokines, i.e. interleukin –2, and pairs of plasma cell memb molecules, that occur one on the T cell and one on the memb of the antigen presenting cells memb

67
Q

how do co-stimulants function?

A

by allowing the two cells to temporarily attach to one another

68
Q

do co-stimulants active T cells in the same way?

A

no, in a different way

69
Q

what does lack of co-stimulation result in

A

T cell anergy

absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen

70
Q

what happens if fully activated by antigen presenting cells and the co-stimulant?

A

T cell proliferate and differentiate

71
Q

where does the process of T cell proliferation and differentiation occur?

A

in the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues such as the tonsils

72
Q

what are the 3 types of T cell?

A

helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and memory cells

73
Q

what are helper T cells?

A

T cells that express the CD4 memb protein normally develop into helper T (TH) cells

74
Q

what so helper T cells recognise?

A

antigen/MCH-II complexes, and if costimulated by complimentary molecules on the antigen presenting cell, start secreting a range of cytokines

75
Q

what do T helper cells secrete?

A

cytokines ie IL-2

76
Q

how does IL-2 function?

A

by triggering T cell proliferation, functioning as a costimulator for TH cells and cytotoxic T cells, and it can enhance the proliferation of B cells and natural killer cells

77
Q

what do cytokines do?

A

Enhance immunocompetent cell function

78
Q

what are cytokines?

A

small hormones that can stimulate or inhibit cellular differentiation, proliferation and growth

79
Q

what is cytokine therapy?

A

because of their ability to regulate immune processes they are now being used to treat medical conditions

80
Q

where are cytotoxic T cells derived from?

A

from CD8+ cells

81
Q

what do TC cells recognise?

A

antigen/MHC–I complexes on virus infected cells, on the surface of some cancerous cells and on the surface of transplanted cells/tissues

82
Q

when can TC cells become cytolytic?

A

if this antigen recognition is associated with costimulation with cytokines such as IL-2

83
Q

when are cytokines secreted?

A

as a result of the T-helper cell secretion

84
Q

when can activation of Tc cells occur?

A

occur if these T helper cells have also encountered the same antigen coupled to MHC-II

85
Q

what happens when Tc cells become activated?

A

they rapidly proliferate and then destroy the target cells

86
Q

how do Tc cells destroy target cells?

A

by secreting porforin

or lymphotoxin.

87
Q

what else can T cells secrete?

A

gamma interferon, and this activates phagocytes at the site of infection

88
Q

how are memory T cells formed?

A

from T cells that remain after an infection

89
Q

what happens once memory T cells are formed?

A

these cells are maintained and allow a very rapid response to reinvasion by the initial antigenic materials

90
Q

what do memory T cells ensure?

A

that re-infection by a previously encountered antigenic material is dealt with extremely quickly, before any signs or symptoms can develop

91
Q

what happens to progenitor T cells from sites of haematopoiesis?

A

they begin to migrate to the thymus

92
Q

what does T cell maturation involve?

A

rearrangements of the germ-line TCR genes and expression of various memb markers

93
Q

what are thymocytes?

A

Developing T cells in the thymus

94
Q

what do Thymocytes proliferate and differentiate into?

A

into distinct sub-populations of mature T cells

IMS (52 decks)

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