urinary part 4 Flashcards
what are called water channels
aquaporins
what do aquaporins do
form holes in a membrane
what is the function of aquaporins
move water across cell membrane in response to osmotic gradient created by active solute transport
what does aquaporins increase
permeability of DCT and CD to H2O
if you are overhydrated what happens
ADH production decreases and osmolality of urine falls low to 100 mOsm
if overhydrated is there an increase or decrease in aquaporins in CD
decrease
if overhyrdrated is there an increase or decrease in water reabsorption from CD
decrease
large quantity of dilute urine excreted=
diuresis
if dehydrated what happens
ADH is relased by Post pit in large quant
when dehyrdates solute concentration of urine rises or decreases
rises
when hydrated increase or decrease in aquaporins in collecting duct
increase
99% of water in filtrate is reabsorbed into blood which allows what when dehydrated
survivial
small quanity of very concentrated urine is excreted in dehyrated or overhydration
dehydration
what are chemicals that increase rate of urinary production/ ouput
diuretics
alcohol causes what
diuresis via inhibition of ADH secretion
what do other diuretics do
increase urine flow via inhibition of Na then H2O reabsorption
examples of vasodilation
anti-HTN meds, CHF edema, cirrhosis of liver; diet pills, caffeine
what is potent, inhibit medullary gradient, and act on ascending loop
loop diuretics
what is a osmotic diuretic and carries water out with substance
thiazides
use of diuretics can cause complications which could be
dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
filtrate loses what
H2O, nutrients, ions, AA, Glc
filtrate gains what
substances in xs, nitrogeneous waste products, toxin, drugs
what is clear, yellow to amber, aromatic, slightly acidic with 95% H2O and 5% solutes
urine
when do you see urochrome pigment
Hgb destruction
as urine increases concentration what happens
becomes darker
abnormal color of urine can be from what
different foods, bile pigments or blood in the urine, medications or vitamins
cloudy urine can indicate what
infection
odor in urine increases when
sits, like ammonia due to bacteria metabolism
uncontrolled DM=
fruity acetine smell
water in highest concentration and then what two
urea then ions
when very high concentrations of solutes, or when abnormal substances are present=
pathology
urine pH
6 slightly acidic
changes in body metabolism/ diet can cause pH to vary between
4.5-8
what is an acidic diet
high protein intake and whole wheat products
what is an alkaline diet
vegetarian intake, bacterial infection in urinary tract
ratio of mass of substances to mass of= volume
specific gravity
high specific gravity can be
dehydration and pyelonephritis
low specific gravity can be
dilute urine, DI, denal damage
how do u measure specific gravity
hydrometer
muscular tube that urine passes from kidneys to urinary bladder
ureter
move urine via what
peristalsis
urine enters bladder via and into what
posterolateral surface into trigone area
hollow, muscular, urine storage site
urinary bladder
where is urinary bladder in males
anterior to rectum
where is urinary bladder in females
anterior to vagina
is there rugae in urinary bladder
yes
trigone area is where
bottom
how many ureters enter, how many urethras exit
2 and 1
what ET in urinary bladder
transitional epithelial tissue
what musce is longitudinal, circular and forces urine out
destrusor
inflammation due to bacterial infection
cystisis
what transports urine to outside of body
urethra
what ET is urethra
psuedostratified columnar
where the urinary bladder and urethra meet is called
internal urethral sphincter
what does the internal urethral sphincter do
precent urine leakage from urinary bladder
in males what does the internal urethral sphincter do
contract to keep semen from entering urinary bladder during sex
in females what does the internal urethral sphincter do
plays a role in preventing urine leakage
extenral uretrhal sphincter does what
voluntary control of urine passage
differnece between male and female urethra
males is for semen
females is for urine
3 parts to male urethra
prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra
what is the 9th leading type of cancer
bladder
what is 50% of bladder cancer from
smoking
30% of bladder cancer is from
environmental carcinogens
what else is bladder cancer from
often heavy drinker and smoker
sign of bladder cancer
blood in urine (hematuria)
how to do ID bladder cancer
check cystoscopy (catheter into urinary bladder to look for abnormality)
treatment for bladder cancer
: Transurethral resection of Bladder Tumor (Scrape cancer cells off wall), Immunotherapy with Intravesicular delivery of BCG (Vaccine against TB), Severe: Neobladder.
act of urination/ void to empty bladder
micturition
micturition is constant flow from
kidney to bladder
when urine reaches more than 200ml what happens
stretch receptors which cause urge to void and eventuallt not control
also urge for micturition from what
irritation of bladder or urethra by bacterial infection
3 factors control distension
1) Wall of Urinary Bladder contains Large folds, like Stomach
2) Transitional ET distends
3) Smooth muscle wall of Urinary Bladder, stretch, urine enters
Spinal cord damage ABOVE Sacral region, NO Micturition reflex temporarily. With frequent empty, Reflex regains ability to empty bladder, No control over onset or Duration
automatic bladder
However, if Spinal Cord damage IN Sacral region
eliminates micturition reflex and bladder not contract even if ext urethral sphincter is relaxed
what exercise is used to strength micturition
kegals
women completelt void due to
gravity
males void due to
bulbospingiousus muscle
not control voluntry is
incontinence
examples of when incontience could occur
Infant, Emotional, Stress, Pregnant, Cough, Laugh, NS problem, Age
stress incontinence
Sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure (Laugh, Cough) forces urine out, Common in Pregnancy.
urge incontience
Strong urge to go, sudden onset. Leak urine. Due to Bladder cancer, inflammation, Infection or Stones. Need to go during day & night. Bladder retraining.
overflow incontinence
dribble when overfills
retention is often after what
surgery
how to treat retention
catheter
