Respiratory System part 1 Flashcards
what is the respiratory system anatomy?
structures responsible for obtaining O2 and removing CO2 from blood
what is needed to synthesize ATP
oxygen
what must be removed from blood to keep pH stable
carbon dioxide
is CO2 is elevated, what happens to the pH
pH in blood is lowered
what is part of the upper respiratory tract (4)
- external nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
what is part of the lower respiratory system? (3)
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
what is part of the respiratory system physiology?
maintaining homeostasis
what does the respiratory system physiology consist of
breathing and gas exchange
breathing=
pulmonary ventilation
what is breathing
act of moving air into and out of the lungs
what is the conducting zone?
structures from nose to smallest air tubes within the lungs
what is gas exchange?
diffusion of gases across membranes
where is the respiratory zone
within the lungs only
what is pulmonary gas exchange
it is movement of gases between atmospheric air in lungs and blood
what is tissue gas exchange
movement of gases between blood and body cells
what are the five processes responsible for proving oxygen and removing CO2
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiratin
- gas transport
- internal respiration
- cellular respiration
what is the act on moving air into and out of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
what is the diffusioin of gases in lung between alveoli and capillaries
external respiratioin
what is in the blood and moves gases
gas transport
what is gas exchange in tissues with oxygen out and CO2 into blood
internal respiration
what is the process by which cells derive energy from glucose
cellular respiration
what do chemical reactions involve
glucose and oxygen as inputs and produces CO2, H2O and energy as outputs
what are five functions of respiratory system?
- regulation of blood pH
- production of chemical mediators
- voice production
- olfaction
- protection
changes in blood CO2 does causes what
change in blood pH
what do lungs produce to be a chemical mediator
angiotensin converting enzyme
chemical mediators have a role in regulating what?
BP
how do chemical messengers regulate BP
via renin angiotensin system which converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
how does voice production work?
It produces sound/speech via vocal folds
sense of smell. odor molecules trapped in mucosa of nasal cavity
olfaction
what does respiratory system protect against
MO entry into body and remove from respiratory surfaces
what is the primary role in respiratory system
gas exchange
what is the external nose made of
hyaline cartilage
what is the bridge of the nose
it combines with frontal and maxillary bones and glasses sit here
what happens in the nasal cavity
air enters respiratory system here
what is the vestibule if the nose
stratified squamous lines
where is the hard palate
floor of nasal cavity
soft palate goes to
uvula
what has bony ridges
nasal conchae
what do turbines do
increase surface area, rapid warming and humidification of air (in passage to lungs)
what does the nasal septum consist of
cartilage, vomer, and perpendicular plate
what does the nasal septum separate
2 nostril
if the nasal septim deviates to one side it causes what?
snoring
what are air filled extensions of nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
four structures of the paranasal sinus?
maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
paranasal sinus plays a role in what?
speech resonance
what does the paranasal sinus lighten and warm and humidify air?
skull
what is the passageway for tear drainage?
nasolacrimal duct
what are five functions of the nasal cavity?
- passageway for air
- cleans air
- warms and humidifies air
- contains olfactory epithelium
- voice resonance
how does the nasal cavity clean air
it traps dust via cilliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium/ goblet cells
when mucus goes into the pharynx what happens
it was swallowed and eliminated by acidity of stomach
speech and quality of sound is controlled by
voice resonance
what is a sinus infection called
sinusitis
sinus mucous membranes/ paranasal sinuses=
inflammation
in sinusitis excess mucus production, blocks sinus opening causes ->
bacterial infection
sinusitis is due to what?
polyps or allergies, virus, fungal infection
symptoms of sinusitis
pain or pressure in sinuses
stuffy nose
runny nose with green/yellow discharge
postnasal drip
pain
tender and swollen around eyes
change in small
fatigue
fever
headache
mouth breathing
bad breath
teeth
ear pain
cough
acute sinusitis is how long
2-4 weeks
chronic sinusitis is how long
> 12 plus weeks
recurrent sinusitis happens how often
recures >4X/ year
what is the treatment for sinusitis
pain relievers
antibiotics
decongestants
corticosteroids
hydration
steam inhalation (drain)
whats a passageway for respiratory and digestive systems. air, food and drink pass through here
pharynx
respiratory-> ______,_______->_________
larynx, digestive-> esophagus
what are the 3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
what region of the pharynx is the upper portion, posterior to nasal cavity
nasopharynx
whats superior to soft palate->
uvula
what does the soft palate prevent
swallowed food to go into nasopharynx and nasal cavity
what allows connection to the middle ear
pharyngotympanic tubes
what region of the pharynx is in the posterior to mouth, begins at soft palate
orophaynx
what defend against infection in the oropharynx
tonsils
what is posterior to the larynx
laryngopharynx
what is the voice box
larynx
what is the larynx anterior to
laryngopharynx
how many cartilages does the larynx have
9
what are the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx
arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate
what are 3 unpaired cartilages
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
the adam’s apple is prominent on what?
thyroid
what is the epiglottis made of
elastic cartilage
what controls speech and swallowing
larynx
vocal folds=
true vocal cords
what is the opening of the vocal cord called
glottis
infllammation of vocal folds and hoarseness occurs
laryngitis
2 skeletal muscles in the larynx are
intrinsic and extrinsic
intrinsic skeletal muscles do what?
attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilage
whats an intrinsic movement of the larynx
open and close glottis
extrinsic skeletal muscles include
sternohyoid and sternothyroid
what do the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles do
elevate larynx when swallow
what are the four main functions of the larynx
- maintain open passageway for air movements
- prevents swallowed food from into larynx and lower respiratory tract
- produces sound for speech
- protects lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
as air moves through vocal cords what happens
vibration and produce sound
what does the fore of air determine
amplitude of vibration and how loud the sound is
frequency of vibrations determine what
pitch
high frequency vibrations=
high pitch sounds
what is the windpipe
trachea
what does the trachea allow
air to flow into lungs
what is the trachea reinforced with?
C shaped tracheal rings of hyaline cartilage
what do the tracheal rings do
support trachea and prevent collapse, allowing open air passageway
what muscle narrows trachea diameter by contracting
trachealis muscle
the trachealis muscle aids in what
cough aid
what allows air to move more forcefully through the trachea, expelling mucus and foreign objects during coughing
trachealis muscle
what lines the trachea
mucous membrane
what produces mucus
goblet cells
the mucus membrane of the trachea traps what
dust and bacteria in cilia
long term irritation in smokers causes ->
moist stratified squamous epithelium
in long term smokers what is lacking
they lack cilia and goblet cells and they are unable to function normally
what is a division off inferior trachea
bronchi
what goes into each lung
primary or main bronchi
the secondary or lobar bronchi goes into what?
3 lobes (3 right, 2 left)
the tertiary or segmental bronchi go into what
bronchopulmonary segments
bronchopulomary segments are smaller which means
there is less cartilage and more smooth muscle
what are bronchioles
continued branching
terminal bronchioles have no what in their walls
cartilage
terminal bronchioles have no cartilage in walls which means
only smooth muscle
respiratory bronchioles form what
smaller branches
what are the “hallways”
alveolar ducts
what do the alveolar ducts go to
alveolar sacs
what are small air filled sacs where air and blood exchange gases
alveoli
what forms in the lungs
alveolar walls and pulmonary capillaries
what is the site of pulmonary gas exchange
the respiratory membrane
type I pneumocytes=
simple squamous
what happens in type I pneumocytes=
gas exchange
what kind of cells are type II pneumocytes
cuboidal cells
what happens in type II pneumocytes
produce surfactant
whats the primary organ of gas exchange
lungs
what is at the base of the lungs
diaphragm
where is the apex of the lungs
above the clavicle
what lung is larger right or left
right has 3 lobes
what is the indentation on medial surface of lung
hilum
where are the lungs contained
thoracic cavity
each pleural cavity contains what
1 lung
what are pleural cavities lined with
serous membrane
what separates the 2 pleural cavities
mediastinum
the serous membrane fold as what
double membrane
what are the two membranes the serous layer folds in to
parietal and visceral
