chapter 28 reproductive part 1 Flashcards
male and female reproductive systems=
necessary for humans to reproduce
when does the reproductive system activate
at puberty
production of gametes
gemetogenesis
male gonads= testes->
sperm production
female gonads= ovareis->
egg production
what is male delivery of sperm into female via sexual intercourse, then fertilization of oocyte by sperm
fertilization
explain development and nourishment of the fetus=
female reproductive system provides for fetus until birth, then nourishment via milk after bith (gestation and parturition)
hormones produced control development of
fetus
hormones also play a role regarding reproductive what
function and behavior
what are referred to as gonadotropins
FSH and LH
FSH and LH act on what
gonads (ovaries and testes)
what hormone does LH/FSH release
GnRN
what hormone does follicle developmet in females and sperm production in males
FSH
what hormone does ovulation in females and testosterone production in males
LH
what hormone does endometrial growth and breast dev.
estrogen
what hormone does uterus development
progesterone
what hormone does virilization and anabolism
testosterone
what hormone maintains corpus luteum-> maintains endometrium
hCG
what hormones does milk production
prolactin
what hormone does labor contractions, milk-lactation, bonding
oxytocin
term for reproductive structures that have a common origin during development similar function in both sexes
homologous structures
what are primary sex organs
testes and ovaries
what is erectile tissue
penis and clit
what are the protective enclosures
scrotum and labia majora
what does fluid secretion
cowpers and bartholins gland
what are secondary sexual characteristics for both sex
non reproductive, both sexes- pubic and axilla hair
male sec char.
facial and chest hair
deepening voice
females sec sex char.
breast development
process of gamete production= egg and sperm
gametogenesis
type of cell division that produces gametes, only occurs in testes and ovaries
meiosis
type of cel division that occurs in somatic cells
mitosis
meiosis haploid or diploid
haploid
is mitosis haploid or diploid
diploid
meiosis forms 4 haploid cells which results in
genetic variability
mitosis you have homologous chromosomes which means
1 from mom and 1 from dad
mitosis form 2 identical what
diploid cells
development of sperm cells and eggs
spermatogenesis/ oogenesis
sperm cells are located where
seminiferous tubules
eggs are located in the
ovary
how long does it take for sperm to be produced
74 days
what are two cell types
germ cells and sustentacular (sertoli) cells
germ cells are from
sperm cells
what do sertoli cells do
provide nourishment
sertoli cells prevent what
immune cells from destroying haploid sperm as they would identify them as non-self, as haploid
ovary is inactive until
puberty
eggs are released monthly until
menopause
meiosis 1 is completed by
1 primary oocyte per month- LH surge
meiosis II completed only?
if fertilization occurs
what is sac of skin outside the abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
scrotum
what does the scrotum contain
2 testes, sparse hairs, 2 muscles
what are the two muscles in the scrotum
dartos and cremasteric
what is smooth muscle in superficial fascia, wrinkes the scrotal skin
dartos muscle
what is skeletal muscle bands that arise from internal oblique, elevate the testes
cremasteric
spermaogenesis inhibition at
normal body temp
since spermatogenesis inhibition ar normal body temp, what needs to happen
keep testes exterior to pelvic cavity or no fertility
what does the cold do in male reproductive system
muscles contract and bring testes closer to the body, scrotal skin wrinkles, decreaseing surface area and increase thickness to reduce heat loss
what happens in the warmth in male reproductive
hang lower from body
what is pampiniform complex
(Aterial-venous network surrounding Testicular artery like a climbing vine) uses counter-current heat exchange to transfer heat from Vein to Artery & maintain lower testicular temperatures
what is the cremasteric reflex
elevates ipsilateral testis on scratching upper medial thigh, also moves testis up with exposure to colder temperatures
what does the reflex test
L1-L2 (genitofermoral nerve)
what will usually be absent in testicular torsion
cremasteric reflex
what are the two layers covering the testis
tunica vaginalis (outer) and tunica albuginea (inner)
testes are mixed function organs which means
spermatogenesis and endocrine
testis is divided into ~250- 300 lobules, each of which has what
1-3 seminiferous tubules
what is the seminiferous tubules a site for
spermatogenesis
tubules have both
spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells
there is a gradual descent of
testes into the scrotum
if testes fail to descend it is called
cryptorchidism
what side typically fails to descend
right
cryptorchidism typically have an affect on
body temperature
men who do not have descended testes are usually sterile unless
fixed with surgery
treat cryptorchidism after?
6 months of age
if you have cryptorchidism you have an increased risk of
testicular cancer
what is the surgery for cryptorchisism called
orchipexy
is testicular cancer common or rare
rare
who is testicular cancer most common in
young men 15-35
risk factors for testicular cancer
cryptorchidism, Hx of mumos/orchitis, maternal exposure to environmental toxins
S&S for testicular cancer
painless solid mass in testes
should u do self exams for testicular cancer
yes
testicular cancer is curable with?
orchiectomy and combine with XRT and chemo
