lymphatic system Flashcards
what does the lymphatic system do?
it is ductwork that returns fluids that leaked from vascular system back into the blood
Is the lymphatic a one way or two way system?
one way
how many parts does the lymphathic system have
3
what are the three parts of the lymphatic system?
lymphatic vessels (network)
lymph (fluid)
lymph nodes (filter)
lymphoid organs and tissues have a role in what?
the immune system
what does the lymphoid organs and tissues do within the immune. system
defense and resist disease
everyday about how much blood is dropped off into the capillary bed?
about 3 L
what works at capillary beds and forces fluid out of blood at the arterial ends and causes the bulk to be absorbed at venous ends
hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure works at capillary beds and forces fluid out of the blood where?
arterial ends of beds (upstream)
hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure works at capillary beds and forces fluid out of the blood and causes what?
bulk to be reabsorbed at venous ends
what happens to fluid that is not reabsorbed ?
it remains in the tissue spaces and become interstitial fluid
lymph needs to be returned to the CV system to maintain what?
proper fluid levels/ blood volume
lymphatic vessels collect xs protein containing what?
IF
the lymphatic vessels collect xs protein containing IF and return it to the ?
bloodstream
once IF goes to lymphatic vessels it is then called what?
lymph
blood-> ______->_______
tissue (Called IF)-> lymphatic vessels (lymph)
where are lymph capillaries?
between tissues cells and blood capillaries in loose ct
are lymph capillaries widespread?
yes
where are lymph capillaries not located?
not in bone, teeth, bone marrow areas
endothelial cells in lymph capillaries are not tight but slightly ______ and form ______
overlap and form minivalves
flaps open when pressure where is greater?
in interstitial space
once the flaps open pressure in the interstitial space is greater and fluid flows into what?
lymph capillaries
is pressure is greater in vessels what happens?
flaps remain together to prevent backflow
proteins in the interstitial space that are unable to re-enter the blood are instead collected by?
lymph capillaries
when lymphatic vessels are inflamed what do the lymph capillaries do
take in larger particles
examples of larger particles the lymph capillaries take in when lymphatic vessels are inflamed (3)
cell debris
pathogens
cancer cells
lymphatic vessels travel to lymph nodes for what?
cleansing and evoking an immune response
what are specialized and have lacteals in small intestine
lymph capillaries
function of lymph capillaries
absorb fat from small intestine to the blood
what does lymph capillaries contain
milky white lymph
name for the milky white lymph
chyle
where is chyle being drained from?
fingerlike villi of mucosa
what has the same tunics as veins, but thinner walls, more internal valves, and more anastomoses
lymph collecting vessels
what is the largest lymphatic vessel that drain large areas of the body
lymphatic trunks
what are paired lymphatic trunks (4)
lumbar
bronchomediastinal
subclavian
jugular
what is a single lymphatic trunk (1)`
interstinal trunk
what do the 2 right lymphatic ducts drain?
right upper limb
right head
thorax
what does the thoracic lymphatic duct drain
everything else
what does the thoracic duct begin as?
cisterna chyli (abdomen)
what is the term for the junction of internal jugular and subclavian vein
terminal duct
lymph transport has no pump and what
low pressure
lymph transport is regulated by ?
respiratory pump
pressure in the respiratory changes as you do what?
breathe
when you inspire what does ur respiratory pump do?
thoracic cavity pressure drops, vessels expand
when you expire what does ur respiratory pump do?
the thoracic cavity pressure rises, vessels compress and lymph flows
what does the muscular pump do?
lymph movement
what do valves do
prevent backflow
lymph transport occurs in what manner
sporadic and slow
increased activity in lymph transport means
lymph flow increases
what hinders the flow of lymph transport
tumor
how do you treat a tumor in lymph transport
lymphatic removal
what happens if you dont treat a tumor
lymphedema
after surgery for a lymphatic removal what happens
other vessels grow but can lead to making a barrier
how do you treat lymphedema
compression sleeve or stocking
massage
lymphoid cells and tissue consist of what
lymphocytes and macrophages
what cells do lymphocytes have
B and T
where are B and T cells made
red bone marrow
B cells-> _______-> ______=_________
plasma cells
Ab’s (Ig’s)
destroy Ag’s
what do T cells do
directly or indirectly attack
what do macrophages do
phagocytosis and T cell activation
lmyphoid tissue is a site for what?
activation
lymphoid cells/ tissue act as what kind of point
surveillance vantage point
what is reticular CT?
all lymph organs except the thymus
what is diffuse lymph tissue
all body organs (reticular fibers)
example of diffuse lymph tissue
lamina propria of mucous membrane
what has no capsule, germinal center (B cells) (peyer’s patch, appendix)
lymph follicles
what are the two categories of lymphoid organs
primary and secondary
what happens in primary lymphoid organs
B&T cells mature
where do B cells mature
red bone marrow
where do t cells mature
thymus
what is immunocompetent?
where B&T cells mature
what happens in secondary lymphoid organs?
mature lymphocytes first encounter the Ag’s and become activated
what is included in secondary lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen and MALT, also diffuse lymph tissues
what is MALT
muvosa-associated lymph tissues
example of MALT
tonsils, peyer’s patch of small intestine, appendix
only lymph nodes have the capacity to filter what?
lymph
organs are encapsulated, but what is not encapsulated?
tissues
where are lymph nodes found
along the lymphatic vessels in CT
there are large number of lymph nodes in areas of the lymph vessels that enter large trunk areas which include (3)
cervical
axillary
inguinal
how do lymph nodes filter
macrophages remove and breakdown Ag’s so it does not spread
what do lymph nodes activate?
the immune system
what is the structure of the lymph node? (5)
bean shape
capsule
trabeculae
cortex
medulla
what does the cortex of the lymph node contain?
follicles with germinal centers- B cells
what does the medulla of the lymph node contain?
cords and sinuses- B and T cells
what kind of vessels does the lymph node have
afferent and efferent
when the affernet vessle brings more lymph what happens
it slows down to better cleanse
overwhelmed lymph nodes with large number of bacteria causes
lymphadenopathy
if there is cancer in the lymph nodes what happens
there is swelling
is there pain in the lymph nodes when you have cancer
no
cancer cells become trapped and they enlarge meaning what can happen
they can travel to a secondary cancer site
what is the largest lymph organ?
the spleen
what is the location of the spleen?
lateral to stomach
under diaphragm on left side
what is the structure of the spleen?
fibrous capsule
trabeculae
lymphocytes
macrophages
RBCs
what are the roles of the spleen? (6)
- lymphocytes proliferate here, surveillance= white pulp
- also cleanse blood, remove debris and microorganisms
- storage site for RBC components= red pulp
- site for RBC production
- storage site for platelets
- blood reservoir
what is the risk of a ruptured spleen?
severe bleeding, shock and die
can the spleen repair itself
yes
how does the spleen repair itself?
there is mesh to hold together, crack repair via suture and blood clotting agents
if the self repair does not work what happens?
you need surgery
what is spleen surgery called?
splenectomy
when there is injury to the spleen what helps compensate it?
lymph organs and liver
what is the structure of the thymus
bilobed gland
where is the location of the thymus
superior mediastinum dividing thoracic cavity- sagittal
is the thymus prominent in newborn or adults
newborn
the thymus increases in size the first year and then after puberty what happens?
it atrophies and in eldery it becomes fat
what are the roles of the thymus
in early life, t lymphocytes become immunocompentent, mature t cells
what does the thymus produce
thymosin, thymopoietin
what does thymosin and thymopoietin do
help t cells mature
where is the location of MALT
mucous membranes throughout the body
what is MALT always prepared for
to battle with pathogens trying to gain entry in our bodies
what are tonsils?
simple organs, ring of lymphoid tissue, with stratified squamous epithelium along crypts
palatine tonsils are small or large
large
pharyngeal tonsils are?
adenoids
tubal tonsils are
auditory
do tonsils increase of decrease w age
decrease
where is the peyer’s patch located
in ileum of small intestine, no capsule, absorbs fat after meal
the appendix is an offshot of
cecum at the start of the large intestine
does the appendix have a capsule
no
