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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest endocrine only gland

A

thyroid gland

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2
Q

how many hormones does the thyroid gland produce

A

3

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3
Q

what are the three hormones that the thyroid gland produces

A

T3
T4
calcitonin

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4
Q

what does the thyroid gland regulate

A

metabolism and cell growth and differentiation

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5
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce

A

heat

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6
Q

where is the location of the thyroid gland

A

anterior neck, inferior to larynx, with 2 lobes connected by narrow strip of tissue called isthmus

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7
Q

is the thyroid gland vascular or avascular

A

vascular- there are superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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8
Q

each thyroid gland contains follicles and is circular and surrounded by ?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium and filled with gel-like colloid material

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9
Q

what is the gel-like colloid material

A

thyroglobulin protein and iodine

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10
Q

what kind of cells are parafollicular cells

A

c cells

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11
Q

where are parafollicular cells located

A

between the follicles (clusters of cells)

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12
Q

what do parafollicular cells produce

A

calcitonin hormone

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13
Q

what does calcitonin regulate

A

blood calcium

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14
Q

what is calcitonin made by

A

parafollicular cells in thyroid

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15
Q

calcitonin is secreted in response to

A

increased blood calcium levels

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16
Q

where does calcitonin bind to

A

membrane-bound receptors

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17
Q

what does calcitonin decrease

A

osteoclast activity

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18
Q

calcitonin elongates what

A

life span of osteoblasts

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19
Q

calcitonin does bone deposit->

A

decreases blood calcium and phosphate levels

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20
Q

calcitonin opposed what

A

PTH

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21
Q

can our body make iodine

A

no you need to ingest it

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22
Q

thyroid hormone regulation has the hypothalamus that releases what to stimulate ant pit

A

thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH)

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23
Q

where is thyroid stimulating hormone released from

A

ant. pit

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24
Q

TSH stimulates the uptake of what

A

iodine

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25
Q

TSH incorporates what into what

A

iodine into thyroglobulin

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26
Q

the breakdown of thyroglobulin causes the

A

release of lipid soluble thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

27
Q

in the blood 75% of T3 and T4 is bound to

A

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

28
Q

regulation via neg feedback causes a decreased T3 stimulation of the hypothalamus to secrete what

A

TRH which stimulates the pituitary to secrete TSH

29
Q

TSH is high when?

A

thyroid hormones are low

30
Q

TSH is low when?

A

thyroid hormones are high (hyperthyroidism)

31
Q

what is a disease from hyperthyroidism

A

grave’s disease

32
Q

what is graves disease

A

autoimmune destruction of thyroid follicular cells- which mimics TSH and constant production of TH

33
Q

excessive production of TH in graves disease means we will have low what and high what

A

low TSH
high T3 and T4

34
Q

graves disease is due to

A

thyroid tumor or pit/ hypothalamic origin as well

35
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A

increased metabolism
high body temp with heat intolerance
weight loss, increased appetite
irritable, restless, insomnia
exopthalmos (graves)
hair fine, skin flushed/ moist
rapid HR/ BP
diarrhea
enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

36
Q

treatment for hyperthyroidism

A

beta blockers (help with increased beta-adrenergic tone)
anti-thyroid medications (PTU)
surgical removal of thyroid gland
radioactive iodine (destruction of thyroid tissue)

37
Q

what is serve hypothyroidism

A

myxedema

38
Q

what is congenital hypothyroidism

A

cretinism

39
Q

what is hypothyroidism due too

A

diet (inadequate iodine intake)
chemical exposure
medications
hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune)
thyroid in origin
pit/ hypothalamic in origin
surgical removal of thyroid gland

40
Q

inadequate dietary iodine causes

A

thyroid hypertrophy

41
Q

goiter results from an

A

inability to synthesize adequate thyroid hormone

42
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

decreased BMR, low body temp/ HR/BP
dry, cold skin with course hair
weight gain with reduced appetite
constipation
somnolence
goiter
weak skeletal muscles, apathy

43
Q

treatment for hypothyrodism

A

replacement of thyroid hormone
levothyroxine (synthyroid)

44
Q

what are parathyroid glands

A

4 glanded embedded on post. thyroid gland

45
Q

what hormone does the parathyroid gland produce

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

46
Q

the production and release of PTH by the parathyroid gland is regulated by

A

Chief cells

47
Q

what does the parathyroid gland regulate

A

concentration of calcium in the blood

48
Q

calcium levels control what is parathryoid gland

A

PTH production and release

49
Q

high serum calcium does what for PTH release

A

inhibit

50
Q

low serum calcium does what for PTH release

A

triggers

51
Q

calcitonin (produced in parafollicular/ c cells) decreased

A

blood calcium levels

52
Q

how do we control blood calcium

A

2 hormones work antagonistically

53
Q

rising blood calcium levels generate what

A

increase in calcitonin production

54
Q

rising blood calcium levels generate an increase in calcintonin production which causes what

A

a decrease in activity of osteoclasts in relation to osteoblasts

55
Q

a decrease in activity of osteoclasts in relation to osteoblasts remove what from the blood and deposit it where

A

calcium from the blood and deposit in the bone

56
Q

calcitonin also diminshes calcium uptake in what?

A

the gut

57
Q

falling blood Ca levels generate an increase in what production

A

PTH

58
Q

falling blood Ca levels generate an increase in PTH production which causes an increase in

A

osteoclast activity releasing calcium from bone and increasing blood calcium concentration

59
Q

what increase Ca uptake in the gut

A

PTH

60
Q

usually see low Ca and low phosphate together is what

A

hypercalcemia

61
Q

patients with hypercalcemia will have

A

bone fractures and weak bones
renal stones
heart and brain dysfunction

62
Q

what can hypercalcemia be from

A

overactive parathyroid glands

63
Q

what is hypocalcemia commonly a result from

A

too much Ca lost in urine when not enough Ca moved from bones to blood stream

64
Q

causes of hypocalcemia

A

low levels of PTH

Human Structure and Function II (8 decks)

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