respiratory system part 2 Flashcards
term for when smooth muscle relaxes, making bronchiole diameter larger
bronchodilation
term for when smooth contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller
bronchoconstriction
in bronchoconstriction the flow of air increases or decreased with resistance to airflow being increased by conditions that reduce the diameter of respiratory passageways
decreases
according to what law, the resistance to airflow is proportional to diameter of a tube
poiseuille’s law
small change in diameter results in what
large change in resistance
what does a small change in diameter that results in large change resistance do
decrease airflow
what happens to the airway diameters in exercise
bronchodilation occurs-> reduces resistance to airflow-> increase in air movement
what happens to the airway diameter in asthma attack
inflammatory chemical release -> severe bronchoconstriction
bronchoconstriction decreases what
airway diameter
bronchoconstriction decreases airway diameter which increased what
resistance to airflow and significantly reduces air movement-> death
what is a medication that counteracts asthma attack effects by promoting smooth muscle relaxation in walls of terminal bronchioles, so air can freely flow
albuterol
term for movement of air into and out of lungs
pulmonary ventilation
pulmonary ventilation involved what
action of the muscles of ventilation and air pressure gradients
what happens with labored pulmonary ventilation
more air moves into lungs due to activity of all of the inspiratory muscles which cause it to contract more forcefully than normal pulmonary ventilation, which causes a greater increase in thoracic volume
what happens in forceful contraction=
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
what does forceful contraction produce
faster and greater decrease in thoracic volume compared to passive recoil of thorax and lungs
what kind of relationship does pressure and volume have
inverse relationship
what is boyles law
P=k/V
P=
gas pressure
k=
constant temperature
V=
volume
when we inspire, what happens to air pressure within the thoracic cavity
it decreases
when we expire, what happens to air pressure in the thoracic cavity
it increases due to volume of thoracic cavity decreasing
during inspiration, what happens to air flow in the lungs
air flows into lungs down pressure gradient
during expiration, what happens to air flows
air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient
the greater the pressure difference, what happens
the faster the flow rate
if pressure difference decreases, what happens to flow rate
the flow rate also decreases
muscle contraction ->
increase volume
decrease pressure
air flows in
muscle relaxation
decrease volume
increase pressure
air flows out
what is the process of measuring volume of air moving in and out of respiratory system
spirometry
device or tool used to measure pulmoinary volumes
spirometer
normal, quiet volume of air inspired and expired with each breath
tidal volume
amount of air inspired forcefully after normal inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forefully expired after a normal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration
residual volume
maximal amount you can expire after a maximal inspiration
vital capacity
sum of VC and residual volume
total lung capacity
average amount of TV
500 ml
average amount of IRV
3100 ml
average amount if ERV
1200 mL
average amount of RV
1200 ml
average amount of VC
4800 ml
average amount of TLC
6000 ml
maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale from lungs after fully inhaling (about 80% of total capacity)
forced vital capacity
forced out in 1 second, volume of air exhaled in first second under force after maximal inhalation
forced expiratory volume
% of FVC expired in 1 second
FEV1/ FVC ration
what are obstructive diseases
COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
what are restrictive diseases
polio, TB, fractured ribs
what is MRV
measurement of amount of air moved through the respiratory system in 1 minute
calculation of MRV
MRV= TV x RR
what are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation
gender age, body size, physical conditioning
disease states
compliance of lung
what is an example of a disease state that affects pulmonary ventilation
emphysema (alveolar wall degeneration), also less surface area
in compliance of lung the ease of expansions decreases when
if inelastic fibers are present, collapse of alveoli, airway obstruction, and deformities of thoracic wall
if you lose some elasticity what happens
greater compliance, easier to expand lungs, but recoil decreases
what is lung recoil
ease of returning to orginal shape
when does lung recoil occur
post elasticity or stretch
in lung recoil, upon expiration what happens
tension on lungs is released and return to orginal, smaller size which compresses alveoli
lung recoil also occurs due to
elastic recoil and surface tension
premature not make enough surfactant=
immature lungs
what is common in infants, gestation is less then 28 weeks
infant respiratory distress syndrome
how do you treat women with infant respiratory disease syndrome
give cortisol (cross placenta and stimulate surfactant synthesis
what is pleural pressure
pressure in pleural cavity between parietal and visceral pleura
pleural pressure pulls lungs inward or outward
outward
what does pleural pressure aid in
alveolar expansion
separation of pleaurae increases what
pleural pressure=pneumothorax
what is pneumothorax
sudden collapse of lung
what are 2 major causes of pneumothroax
penetrating trauma
nonpenetrating traume
examples of penetrating trauma
stabbed
shot
fractured rib
examples of nonpenetrating traume
blow to chest
medical procedure
diisease
severe spastic cough
treatment for pneumothorax
chest tube insertion (reexpand lung)
surgery (close opening to cavity)
what is tension pneuromthorax
pressure in pleural cavity higher than atmospheric pressure
large air collectioin in pleural space due to MVA. chest pain, SOB, rapid RR. hypothension and hypoxia are
life threatening emergencies
what is a triad
collapsing lung
shift in mediastinum and rebreathing
how do u treat triad
need needle decompression
