digestive system part 2 Flashcards
what kind of epithelium is in the mouth
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what are two regions of the mouth
vestibule
oral cavity proper
what is the vestibule of the mouth
space between lips or cheeks and teeth
where is the oral cavity proper
medial to the teeth
what are the boundaries of the mouth
lips
cheeks
palate
tongue
fauces
where are lips
anterior
where are cheeks
lateral
where is the palate
superior
where is the tongue
inferior
where is the fauces
posterior, arched area
lips and cheeks play a role in what?
mastications and speech
what does the labial frenulum do
attachment of lip to gingiva in vestibule
what does the palate do
separate oral and nasal cavities
prevents food passage into nasal cavity as chew and swallow
role of teeth
mastication of food, aid in speech
what does the tongue do
lingual frenulum anchors to mouth floor
aids in mastications
swallow
what are types of teeth
incisors
canines
premolars
molars
what do insiciors do
cut/ bite food
what do canines do
teat flesh
what do premolars do
grind, crush
what do molars do
grind
what are decidous teeth
baby teeth
what are permanent teeth
adult teeth
3rd molars emerge between 17-25 y/o -impacted= excised
wisdom teeth
dental formular for baby teeth
2.1.0.2 x2= 20 teeth
dental formula for adult teeth
2.1.2.3 x2= 32 teeth
what are two major regions of the tooth anatomy
crown and root
what is the crown covered in ? and what is it exposed above?
enamel
exposed above gingiva
where is the neck embedded in
gingiva area
where is the root embedded
in jawline
what does the root of the tooth do
anchors tooth in the bone
bulk of the tooth is called
dentin
is dentin flexible
yes
what does dentin act as
shock absorber during biting and chewing
what does the pulp cavity contain
CT, BV, nerve that extends into root and become root canal
what are dental caries
bacteria demineralizes enamel
what is decay due to
plaque adherence to teeth, accumulates and calcifies forming tartar
what is gingivitis
inflammed, red, sore, swollen, and bleeding gums
can gingivitis be reversed
yes, if tartar is removed
what is gingivitis that causes pockets of infection that form deep pockets around teeth, destroy the peridontal ligament and osteoclasts activate and dissolve the bone
peridontal disease
peridontal disease affects what % of all people above 35 y/o
95
peridontal disease accounts for what % of adult tooth loss
80-90
what is mastications
chewing food
teeth cut, tea and grind food
mastications breaks what
large food particles into smaller ones
mastications increases of decreases surface area
increases
what digest food molecules at surface
digestive enzymes
is mastication is partially voluntary and partially reflexive?
yes
role of salivary glands
cleanses mouth, dissolves food chemicals for taste, moistens food and compacts it into bolus, contains salivary amylase, which begins carbohydrate digestion
what does the salivary glands do
breaks large food particles into smaller ones which increases surface area
what are 3 salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
what may become inflamed and swollen due to mumps
parotid glands
what is mumps
viral childhood disease
what does saliva contain
97% of water
electrolytes
salivary amylase
mucin
lysozyme
IgA
metabolic wastes
what is saliva a combo of
serous and mucous secretions
what stimulates saliva production
sight or smell of food
what are the 3 phases of swallowing
- voluntary
- pharyngeal
- esophageal
buccal- food compacted by tongue into bolus, which moves posteriorly is what phase
voluntary
what phase is involuntary and the soft palate elevates as into pharynx
pharyngeal
in pharyngeal phase the respiration momentarily does what
inhibit and other routes blocked
what phase is there a successive constriction of pharyngeal constrictors
and upper esophageal sphincter relaxes
phayngeal
what phase is there peristalsis of esophagus
and the fod arrives at stomach and sphincter closes to prevent regurgitation
esophageal phase
orophaynx and laryngopharynx is involved in
digestive
what blocks the opening to larynx to keep food and drink from entering the larynx
epiglottis
what is a muscular passageway for food to stomach
esophagus
the esophagus pierces what
diaphragm at esophageal hiatus
what kind of epithelium is in the esophagus
nonkeratinized stratifies squamous epithelium for protection
the esophageal glands secrete what
mucus to aid in food passage
what is muscularis externa
skeletal muscle (upper 1/3)
skeletal and smooth (middle 1/3)
smooth muscle (lower 1/3)
what is adventitia
outermost CT layer
where is the upper and lower esophageal sphincter seen
at both ends of the esophagus
what is a hiatal hernia due to
abnormal weakened gastroesophageal sphincter-> upper stomach protusion into throacic cavity
what can hiatal hernia enlarge due to
stress of strain over time
when gastric juice goes into esophagus what does it cause
GERD
type 1 hital hernia is
sliding= 95% of all hiatal hernias, can slide up and down
risk factos for hiatial hernia
age
obesity
smoking
chest pain
heartburn
what % of populationi does hital hernia affect
20
diagnosis for hiatal hernia
esophageal manometry
endoscopy
treatment for hiatal hernia
watchful waiting
medications
surgery
stomach acid backflows into esphagus and irriates esophagus
GERD
S&S for gerd
heartburn
chest pain
dysphagia.
sense lump in throat
cough
brackish taste in mouth
regurgitation
hoarsness
gerd is due to
LES relaxing
as weakens backflow occurs
risk factors of gerd
Obese, Hiatal hernia, Pregnant, Scleroderma, Delayed stomach emptying, Smoking, Eat late at night, Fatty or Fried foods, Alcohol or Coffee, Aspirin
complications of gerd
Esophagitis Ulcer. Esophageal stricture, Barrett esophagus Esophageal CA.
dx of gerd
Upper endoscopy, Esophageal manometry (muscle)
treatment for gerd
Elevate head of bed, Antacids, Histamine (H2-blockers), Proton pump inhibitors, Nissen Fundoplication, LINX device (Magnetic beads) – Keep closed, but food still through. Lifestyle modifications
stomach is the storage and mixing chamber of what
GI tract
where is stomach located
left upper abdomen location
4 regions of the stomach
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus
where is LES or cardia sphincter in stomach
at top
where is the pyloric valve
at the bottom
large folds inside stomach is called
rugae
what does rugae allow
mucosa and submucosa to stretch and stomach volume increases
where is acid secretes in the stomach
gastric pits into glands
HCL - kills bacteria
parietal cells
Chief cells produce Pepsinogen called
pepsin
the stomach also secretes Intrinsic Factor, binds with Vitamin B12 & continual RBC production. If lack it, it results into
pernicous anemia
Surface mucous cells have Tight junctions that produce
alkaline mucus and neutralizes acid
