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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what two glands integrate 2 body controlling systems and which systems

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

nervous and endocrine

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2
Q

what regulates pituitary gland secretion in response to other hormones, sensory info, emotions

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

base of brain witch direct connection to pituitary via infundibulum

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4
Q

hypothalamus regulates anterior pituitary via what

A

blood vessels, where 2 capillary networks are connected by portal veins

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5
Q

the hypothalamus regulates posterior pituiatary via what

A

neural pathway through infundibulum

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6
Q

the tract in the posterior pituitary arises from what

A

neurons in paraventricular and suporaoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

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7
Q

nerves or clusters of brain cells

A

nuclei

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8
Q

what sits in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

A

pituitary gland

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9
Q

the pituitary gland have arterial blood supply via what

A

hypophyseal branches of internal carotid arteries

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10
Q

where do the veins in the pituitary gland drain into

A

dural sinuses

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11
Q

what is an adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

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12
Q

Glandular epithelium develops as outpocket of roof of oral cavity (Rathke pouch / Pituitary diverticulum), Connection to oral cavity severed. ONLY vascular connection to Hypothalamus via Hypophyseal Portal Veins.

A

anterior pituitary

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13
Q

anterior pituitary portal system

A

capillary bed to veins to 2nd capillary bed

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14
Q

what is the role of the pituitary gland

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones in ventral hypothalamus to anterior pituitary quickly

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15
Q

what borders post pituitary and has no function in adult, in fetus it produces MSH, role in lower vertebrates

A

pars intermedia

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16
Q

Neurohypophysis with Infundibulum; Part of the Brain

A

posterior pituitary

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17
Q

what is the posterior pituitary composed of

A

neural tissue pituicytes and nerve fibers

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18
Q

what does neural tissue do

A

regulate release of hormones

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19
Q

what is continous with hypothalamus

A

PP

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20
Q

embryologic development=

A

outgrowth of the brain, infundibulum enlarges to form the posterior pituitary

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21
Q

what does the PP release

A

neurohormones and neuropeptides

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22
Q

the pituitary gland stores hormones but not a

A

endocrine gland

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23
Q

what does the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract do

A

carry hormones to pituitary

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24
Q

what do hypothalamic neurons synthesize

A

oxytocin and adh

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25
Q

what controls secretion of posterior pituitary hormones

A

nerve stimulation in hypothalamus

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26
Q

AP’s conducted by Axons of Hypothalamic Neurons through Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract to

A

posterior pituitary

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27
Q

what is transported down the Axons of Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract to Posterior Pituitary

A

oxytocin and ADH

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28
Q

where are oxytocin and ADH stored

A

in axon terminals in PP

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29
Q

Hypothalamic Neurons fire & AP’s arrive at Axon terminals ->

A

oxytocin and ADH release into blood

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30
Q

once oxytocin and ADH are in the blood what happens

A

travel through it and bind to receptors on target cells to influence tissue activity

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31
Q

there are releasing and inhibiting hormones in anterior or posterior pituitary

A

anterior

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32
Q

releasing hormones=

A

stimulate anterior pituitary hormone secretion

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32
Q

inhibiting hormones=

A

inhibit anterior pituitary hormone secretion

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33
Q

hypothalamic neurons synthesize what in anterior pituitary

A

synthesize releasing or inhibiting hormones

34
Q

neuron stimulation in hypothalamus controls secretion of releasing or inhibiting hormones into

A

primary capillary plexus of hypothalamus

35
Q

hypothalamic hormones travel through the

A

portal veins to anterior pituitary

36
Q

anterior pituitary secretes hormones into

A

secondary capillary plexus (in response to releasing hormones)

37
Q

if it is inhibiting hormones it causes

A

prevention of hormone secretion

38
Q

after it goes to capillary plexus

A

it travels via bloodstream and bind to receptors on target cells and influence tissue activity

39
Q

what does growth hormone releasing hormone do

A

increase GH level

40
Q

what does growth hormone inhibiting hormone do

A

inhibit GH and TSH secretion

41
Q

what does thyrotrophin releasing hormone do

A

increase tsh level

42
Q

what does corticotropin releasing hormone do

A

increase acth level

43
Q

what does gonadotropic releasing hormone do

A

increase fsh and lh levels

44
Q

what does prolactin inhibiting hormone do

A

inhibits prl secretion

45
Q

what is nervous tissue only

A

posterior pituitary

46
Q

antidiuretic hormone is also called

A

vasopressin

47
Q

vasopressin causes increase of what with signficiant secretion

A

BP

48
Q

what is ADH role

A

maintains water balance, causes water resorption and prevents urine formation

49
Q

what does ADH act on

A

kidney tubules

50
Q

ADH is triggered by

A

pain
low bp
nicotine
morphine
barbituates

51
Q

what is adh made by

A

neuron cell bodies in SO nuclei of hypothalamus, stores in post pit.

52
Q

inference of adh:

A

surgical removal of post. pit. which results in hormone shortage

53
Q

rate of secretion is dependent on response to changes in what?

A

blood osmolality and blood volume

54
Q

what detects changes in blood osmolality

A

osmoreceptors

55
Q

what detect changes in bp

A

baroreceptors

56
Q

if osmolality increases and bp decreases what happens to ADH secretion

A

ADH secreting neurons increase APs

57
Q

osmotic concentration = number of solute in 1 kg of water x number of particles into which solute dissociates- directly proportionate to concentration of solutes

A

osmolality

58
Q

APs go to the post. pit. causing ADH to be released into the blood and causes what to increase

A

kidney tubules increase water resoprtion

59
Q

kidney tubules increase water resoprtion which results in

A

reduced urine amount, increases urine osmalality and decreased loss of blood volume

60
Q

adh secretion is inhibited by

A

xs water, diurectics, alcohol

61
Q

what is from an ADH deficiency, extreme thirst and frequent urination with high urinary output

A

diabetes insipidus

62
Q

what causes diabetes insipidus

A

pit tumor
head trauma = damage to hypothalamus or post pit

63
Q

if the patient with diabetes insipidus has the capacity to drink enough water to prevent dehydration then will they be ok

A

yes

64
Q

what causes a patient to have a life threatening cause of diabetes insipidius

A

the patient is compromised and unconscious or in a come

65
Q

what is SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

66
Q

what is SIADH due to

A

neurosurgery
cancer
certain meds
general anesthesia

67
Q

symptoms of SIADH

A

brain edema-> fluid retention, headache, disoriented, weight gain, blood dilution

68
Q

how do you treat SIADH

A

fluid restriction
follow Na level
slowly correct level or central pontine myelinolysis

69
Q

what is made by neuron cell bodies in PV nuclei of hypothalamus and stored in post pit

A

oxytocin

70
Q

pos feedback for oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contraction in childbirth
breastfeeding
used to stop postpartum bleeding

71
Q

what is a love hormone

A

oxytocin

72
Q

what stimulate other glands (endocrine to endocrine), regulate secretory action; basophil cells

A

tropic hormones

73
Q

what does thyroid stimulating hormones do

A

increase TH levels
help with normal development
maintain metabolism

74
Q

what does adrenocorticotropic hormones do

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to increase glucocorticoid hormone secretion

75
Q

when do levels of ACTH peak

A

in the AM

76
Q

what trippers ACTH

A

fever
hypoglycemia
stress

77
Q

what is a precursor for ACTH

A

proopiomelanocortin

78
Q

how many molecules in proopiomelanocortin cleaved into

A

four

79
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone in females do

A

follicle maturation
estrogen secretion in ovary

80
Q

what does FSH in males do

A

produce sperm in testes

81
Q

what does LH do in females

A

ovulation and progesterone secretion

82
Q

what does LH do in males

A

produce testosterone in interstitial cells stimulates gonads

83
Q
A

Human Structure and Function II (8 decks)

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