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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are adrenal glands also known as

A

suprarenal glands

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2
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

superior to kidney like mushroom cap
retroperitoneal area
surrounded by adipose tissue
outer cortex, inner medulla

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3
Q

are adrenal glands avascular or vascular

A

vascular

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4
Q

each adrenal gland has arterial branches with central vein in each gland, where does the right and left drain too

A

right drains into IVC
left drains into left renal vein

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5
Q

histology capsule=

A

connective tissue

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6
Q

what kind of tissue is the adrenal cortex

A

glandular

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7
Q

small cell clusters
mineralcorticoids= aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa

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8
Q

thickest layer, long columns
glucocorticoids= cortisol

A

zona fasciculata

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9
Q

thin, irregular cords of cells
gonadocorticoids= androgens
testosterone precursor

A

zona reticularis

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10
Q

what kind of tissue is the adrenal medulla

A

nervous tissue

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11
Q

catecholamines epipinephrine percentage in adrenal medulla

A

80

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12
Q

catecholamines norepipinephrine percentage in adrenal medulla

A

20

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13
Q

what is in the cortex

A

corticosteroids

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14
Q

are corticosteroids lipid-soluble

A

yes

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15
Q

do corticosteroids have a short or long half lifef

A

long

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16
Q

are corticosteroids fast or slow acting

A

slow

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17
Q

the cortex with corticosteroids have hormonal control via what

A

blood

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18
Q

for aldosterone in the cortex it has

A

K+ and renin-angiotensin

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19
Q

medulla has what

A

catecholamines

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20
Q

catecholamines have long or short half life
and are they slow or fast acting

A

short half life
fast acting

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21
Q

what kind of control does the medulla have

A

neural control (sympathetic fibers of ANS)

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22
Q

what is the primary mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

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23
Q

aldosterone is regulated by

A

renin-angiotensin

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24
Q

what does aldosterone regulate

A

ion balance in the blood (na,K)

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25
Q

what is aldosterones target

A

kidneys

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26
Q

what does aldosterone do in the kidneys

A

resorbs salt and H2O
increases blood volume and BP
increases Na and decreases K

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27
Q

excess aldosterone causes

A

low blood K and alkalosis (pH)

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28
Q

alkalosis causes what

A

pH to go up and become more basic

29
Q

what is the primary cortisol

A

glucocorticoid (stress resistors)

30
Q

how is cortisol regulated

A

circadian ACTH release
and through neg feedback inhibition

31
Q

what is involved in the secretion of cortisol

A

stress response HPA- axis

32
Q

HPA means

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
adrenal gland

33
Q

what does cortisol decrease

A

inflammatory and immune response

34
Q

how does cortisol break things down

A

it decreases number of WBC and inflammatory chemical secretion from tissues

35
Q

what are the roles of cortisol release

A

lipid breakdown
reduce glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
stimulate gluconeogensis and increase protein degradation
increases blood glucose and glycogen deposit in cells
tissue naturation and development of epinephrine and ne receptors

36
Q

cortisol secretion is what kind of events

A

cascade of events

37
Q

what does cortisol cause in the body

A

increase blood sugar

38
Q

secreotory bursts of cortisol is driven by

A

eating and exercise

39
Q

when do blood levels peak

A

slightly before rise

40
Q

when are blood levels the lowest

A

in the evening

41
Q

when are blood levels elevated

A

at 6-8 hours of sleep

42
Q

what are stressors:

A

hemorrhage, infection, trauma

43
Q

after stressors what happens

A

there is CRH release within minutes

44
Q

what is the stress hormone

A

cortisol

45
Q

elevated levels of cortisol can adversely affect many areas of the body such as

A

metabolic
immune
connective tissue
bone
calcium levels
cardiovascular
cns
gastrointestinal

46
Q

adrenal sex hormone roles most secreted are

A

weak androgens

47
Q

weak androgens= small amounts-

A

not much contribution

48
Q

adrenal sex hormone convert to more potent

A

testosterone or estrogens in tissue cells

49
Q

what is the role of adrenal sex hormones in males

A

development of male secondary sexual characteristics

50
Q

what is the role of adrenal sex hormones in females

A

stimulate pubic and axillary hair growth and sex drive, especially post menopausal

51
Q

hyposecretion of mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids is what disease

A

addisons disease

52
Q

adrenocorticoid deficiency means

A

you need to add steroids

53
Q

what is the cause of addisons dease

A

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

54
Q

in addisons disease ACTH levels are high due to

A

neg feedback of low cortisol

55
Q

at high levels of ACTh in addisons disease is that it

A

triggers melanin production in melanocytes

56
Q

symptons of addisons disease

A

bronzing disease, lose weight
GI issues, muscle cramping
dehydration
and low bp

57
Q

xs can cause

A

adrenal crisis

58
Q

treatment for addisons disease

A

steroid hormone replacement
hydrocortisone 20-30 mg/day, 2/3 in A</ 1/3 late PM

59
Q

adrenal crisis is from acute complicatioin of

A

adrenal insufficiency

60
Q

what is adrenal crisis due to

A

physiological stress of illness

61
Q

what do you need in adrenal crisis

A

cortisol

62
Q

do you have to treat adrenal crisis emergently?

A

yes with corticosteroid injection

63
Q

Is adrenal crisis life threatening

A

yes

64
Q

hypersecretion disease of glucocorticoids is

A

cushings disease

65
Q

glucocorticoid excess=

A

your crushing me with all this cortisol

66
Q

causes of cushings diease

A

ACTH producing Pituitary Tumor (Cushing Disease)
ACTH releasing Tumor of Lung, Pancreas, Kidney or Adrenal Cortex Tumor.
USUALLY from Glucocorticoid Drugs

67
Q

symptons of cushing disease

A

Cushingoid = Moon facies, Buffalo Hump, Easy Bruising, Poor wound healing,
Persistent elevated BS, Muscle & bone protein loss, Water/Salt retention  HTN & Edema

68
Q

treatment for cushing disease

A

REMOVE CAUSE = Tumor via Surgery / Radiation OR Discontinue Drug SLOWLY

Human Structure and Function II (8 decks)

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