Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 3 Flashcards
what are adrenal glands also known as
suprarenal glands
where are the adrenal glands located
superior to kidney like mushroom cap
retroperitoneal area
surrounded by adipose tissue
outer cortex, inner medulla
are adrenal glands avascular or vascular
vascular
each adrenal gland has arterial branches with central vein in each gland, where does the right and left drain too
right drains into IVC
left drains into left renal vein
histology capsule=
connective tissue
what kind of tissue is the adrenal cortex
glandular
small cell clusters
mineralcorticoids= aldosterone
zona glomerulosa
thickest layer, long columns
glucocorticoids= cortisol
zona fasciculata
thin, irregular cords of cells
gonadocorticoids= androgens
testosterone precursor
zona reticularis
what kind of tissue is the adrenal medulla
nervous tissue
catecholamines epipinephrine percentage in adrenal medulla
80
catecholamines norepipinephrine percentage in adrenal medulla
20
what is in the cortex
corticosteroids
are corticosteroids lipid-soluble
yes
do corticosteroids have a short or long half lifef
long
are corticosteroids fast or slow acting
slow
the cortex with corticosteroids have hormonal control via what
blood
for aldosterone in the cortex it has
K+ and renin-angiotensin
medulla has what
catecholamines
catecholamines have long or short half life
and are they slow or fast acting
short half life
fast acting
what kind of control does the medulla have
neural control (sympathetic fibers of ANS)
what is the primary mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
aldosterone is regulated by
renin-angiotensin
what does aldosterone regulate
ion balance in the blood (na,K)
what is aldosterones target
kidneys
what does aldosterone do in the kidneys
resorbs salt and H2O
increases blood volume and BP
increases Na and decreases K
excess aldosterone causes
low blood K and alkalosis (pH)
alkalosis causes what
pH to go up and become more basic
what is the primary cortisol
glucocorticoid (stress resistors)
how is cortisol regulated
circadian ACTH release
and through neg feedback inhibition
what is involved in the secretion of cortisol
stress response HPA- axis
HPA means
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
adrenal gland
what does cortisol decrease
inflammatory and immune response
how does cortisol break things down
it decreases number of WBC and inflammatory chemical secretion from tissues
what are the roles of cortisol release
lipid breakdown
reduce glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
stimulate gluconeogensis and increase protein degradation
increases blood glucose and glycogen deposit in cells
tissue naturation and development of epinephrine and ne receptors
cortisol secretion is what kind of events
cascade of events
what does cortisol cause in the body
increase blood sugar
secreotory bursts of cortisol is driven by
eating and exercise
when do blood levels peak
slightly before rise
when are blood levels the lowest
in the evening
when are blood levels elevated
at 6-8 hours of sleep
what are stressors:
hemorrhage, infection, trauma
after stressors what happens
there is CRH release within minutes
what is the stress hormone
cortisol
elevated levels of cortisol can adversely affect many areas of the body such as
metabolic
immune
connective tissue
bone
calcium levels
cardiovascular
cns
gastrointestinal
adrenal sex hormone roles most secreted are
weak androgens
weak androgens= small amounts-
not much contribution
adrenal sex hormone convert to more potent
testosterone or estrogens in tissue cells
what is the role of adrenal sex hormones in males
development of male secondary sexual characteristics
what is the role of adrenal sex hormones in females
stimulate pubic and axillary hair growth and sex drive, especially post menopausal
hyposecretion of mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids is what disease
addisons disease
adrenocorticoid deficiency means
you need to add steroids
what is the cause of addisons dease
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
in addisons disease ACTH levels are high due to
neg feedback of low cortisol
at high levels of ACTh in addisons disease is that it
triggers melanin production in melanocytes
symptons of addisons disease
bronzing disease, lose weight
GI issues, muscle cramping
dehydration
and low bp
xs can cause
adrenal crisis
treatment for addisons disease
steroid hormone replacement
hydrocortisone 20-30 mg/day, 2/3 in A</ 1/3 late PM
adrenal crisis is from acute complicatioin of
adrenal insufficiency
what is adrenal crisis due to
physiological stress of illness
what do you need in adrenal crisis
cortisol
do you have to treat adrenal crisis emergently?
yes with corticosteroid injection
Is adrenal crisis life threatening
yes
hypersecretion disease of glucocorticoids is
cushings disease
glucocorticoid excess=
your crushing me with all this cortisol
causes of cushings diease
ACTH producing Pituitary Tumor (Cushing Disease)
ACTH releasing Tumor of Lung, Pancreas, Kidney or Adrenal Cortex Tumor.
USUALLY from Glucocorticoid Drugs
symptons of cushing disease
Cushingoid = Moon facies, Buffalo Hump, Easy Bruising, Poor wound healing,
Persistent elevated BS, Muscle & bone protein loss, Water/Salt retention HTN & Edema
treatment for cushing disease
REMOVE CAUSE = Tumor via Surgery / Radiation OR Discontinue Drug SLOWLY
