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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the pancreas has a mixed blank and blank function

A

exocrine and endorcrine

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2
Q

where is the location of the pancreas?

A

inferior to liver
head in midline
tail extends to left upper abdomen
portion of tail extends into retroperitoneum
duodeum wraps around the head

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3
Q

what kind of cells are in the pancreas

A

acinar cells

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4
Q

acinar cells are

A

digestive

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5
Q

pancreatic enzymatic secretions go into the intestinal lumen via what and go where

A

via hepatopancreatic duct and go to the duodenum

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6
Q

what are is the endocrine area in the pancreas

A

islet of langerhans

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7
Q

what percentage is the islet of langerhans of the pancreas

A

1-2%

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8
Q

alpha cells make what

A

glucagon

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9
Q

beta cells make what

A

insulin

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10
Q

delta cells make what

A

somatostain

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11
Q

do alpha cells increase of decrease BS

A

increase

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12
Q

do beta cells increase or decrease BS

A

decrease

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13
Q

what do the delta cells do to the BS

A

inhibit both

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14
Q

elevated BS is sensed by

A

beta cells of islets

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15
Q

elevated BS that is sensed by the beta cells of islets does what

A

release insulin into the blood

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16
Q

what does insulin promote

A

uptake of glc by somatic cells and stimulates glc stoage as glycogen in liver

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17
Q

when insulin promotes uptake of glc by somatic cells and stimulates glc storage as glycogen in liver=

A

decrease in bs level

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18
Q

decreased bs is sensed by

A

alpha cells of islets

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19
Q

decreased bs once senses by alpha cells causes what

A

release of glucagon into the blood

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20
Q

what does glucagon promote

A

breakdown of glycogen from liver and gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

the breakdown of glycogen from liver and glucoeogenesis causes what

A

increase in BS

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22
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1 is from

A

inadequate/ lack of insulin production by pancreatic beta cells

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23
Q

what activates glucose transporter receptors on most body cells

A

insulin

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24
Q

what accumulates to high levels in the blood, as cells are starved for the nutrient

A

glucose

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25
Q

what are most cases of diabetes mellitus type 1 a result from

A

an autoimmune destructure of the pancreatic islet cells leading to life-long dependency on insulin and long-term metabolic disorder

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26
Q

what is crucial in managing diabetes mellitus type 1

A

control of glucose

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27
Q

diabetes mellitus is blank dependent with what link

A

insulin dependent with autoimmune link

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28
Q

diabetes mellitus type 2 are from what problems

A

receptor problem vs secretion problem

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29
Q

insulin receptors on target cells become what in diabetes mellitus type 2

A

insulin resistant

30
Q

when the insulin receptors on target cells become insulin resistant it requires what

A

more insulin to be produced by islet cells

31
Q

while insulin is becoming insulin resistant, the pancreatic islet cells become what

A

less competent in producing insulin

32
Q

diabetes mellitus is a result from

A

accumulation of glucose in the blood

33
Q

what is crucial in managing diabetes mellitus type 2

A

control of blood glucose

34
Q

what are causes of diabetes mellitus type 2

A

obesity
lack of physical activity
diets high in high-glycemic index carbohydrates
alc
high-stress lifestyle

35
Q

what is named for its shape like a pinecoone

A

pineal gland

36
Q

what is the least known endocrine gland

A

pineal gland

37
Q

location of pineal gland

A

hangs from roof of 3rd ventricle in diencephalon

38
Q

is the pineal gland smaller or larger in children

A

larger

39
Q

does the pineal gland get bigger or smaller as we age

A

smaller

40
Q

what act on hypothalamus and gonads to inhibit reproductive hormone secretion

A

pinealocytes

41
Q

what two secretions are in the pineal gland

A

melatonin and arginine vasotocin

42
Q

melatonin decreases what

A

decreases GnRH secretion

43
Q

the decease of GnRH secretion does what

A

inhibit reproduction

44
Q

melatonin does what

A

sleep-wake cycle by increasing tendency to sleep

45
Q

melatonin production is stimulated at

A

night and inhibited during the day

46
Q

arginine vasotocin possible inhibit

A

GnRH secretion

47
Q

what works with melatonin in some animals

A

arginine vasotocin

48
Q

reproductive hormones are primarily secreted from

A

ovaries, testes, placenta, and pituitary gland

49
Q

anterior pit gland=

A

fsh and lh

50
Q

ovaries produce

A

estrogen and progesterone

51
Q

estrogen and progesterone regulate what

A

reproductive cycle
prep mammary gland for lactation and maintain pregnany, development of female reproductive organs and sec sex charac.

52
Q

what does inhibin do in ovaries

A

inhibits FSH secretion thereby estrogen productioni

53
Q

what does relaxin do

A

increase flexibility of pubis symphysis and aids in cervix dilatioin and makes birth canal larger

54
Q

testes produce what

A

testosterone

55
Q

what does testosterone do

A

produce sperm
sec sex charc.
maintain reproductive organs

56
Q

what does inhibin do in testosterone

A

inhibts fsh secretion therby sperm production

57
Q

placenta needs what hormone to maintain pregnancy

A

LH

58
Q

thymus makes what

A

thymosin

59
Q

thymosin does what

A

development and maturation of immune system for t lymphocyte development

60
Q

adipose does what

A

leptin

61
Q

leptin does

A

safety signals in hypothalamus; decreases urge to eat

62
Q

GI tract makes what hormones

A

gastrin in stomach
secretin and CCK in intestine

63
Q

gastrin
secretin
CCK do what

A

digestive functions

64
Q

kidneys make

A

erythropoitin and renin

65
Q

erythropoitin make

A

RBC

66
Q

renin does what

A

stimulates aldosterone to raise BP

67
Q

heart makes what

A

ANF

68
Q

ANF does what

A

decreases Na and lower BV and BP

69
Q

skin makes what hormone

A

cholecalciferol

70
Q

cholecalciferol does what

A

inactive form of vit. d3-> activated in kidneys= calcitrol to keep bones strong

Human Structure and Function II (8 decks)

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