Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 4 Flashcards
the pancreas has a mixed blank and blank function
exocrine and endorcrine
where is the location of the pancreas?
inferior to liver
head in midline
tail extends to left upper abdomen
portion of tail extends into retroperitoneum
duodeum wraps around the head
what kind of cells are in the pancreas
acinar cells
acinar cells are
digestive
pancreatic enzymatic secretions go into the intestinal lumen via what and go where
via hepatopancreatic duct and go to the duodenum
what are is the endocrine area in the pancreas
islet of langerhans
what percentage is the islet of langerhans of the pancreas
1-2%
alpha cells make what
glucagon
beta cells make what
insulin
delta cells make what
somatostain
do alpha cells increase of decrease BS
increase
do beta cells increase or decrease BS
decrease
what do the delta cells do to the BS
inhibit both
elevated BS is sensed by
beta cells of islets
elevated BS that is sensed by the beta cells of islets does what
release insulin into the blood
what does insulin promote
uptake of glc by somatic cells and stimulates glc stoage as glycogen in liver
when insulin promotes uptake of glc by somatic cells and stimulates glc storage as glycogen in liver=
decrease in bs level
decreased bs is sensed by
alpha cells of islets
decreased bs once senses by alpha cells causes what
release of glucagon into the blood
what does glucagon promote
breakdown of glycogen from liver and gluconeogenesis
the breakdown of glycogen from liver and glucoeogenesis causes what
increase in BS
diabetes mellitus type 1 is from
inadequate/ lack of insulin production by pancreatic beta cells
what activates glucose transporter receptors on most body cells
insulin
what accumulates to high levels in the blood, as cells are starved for the nutrient
glucose
what are most cases of diabetes mellitus type 1 a result from
an autoimmune destructure of the pancreatic islet cells leading to life-long dependency on insulin and long-term metabolic disorder
what is crucial in managing diabetes mellitus type 1
control of glucose
diabetes mellitus is blank dependent with what link
insulin dependent with autoimmune link
diabetes mellitus type 2 are from what problems
receptor problem vs secretion problem
insulin receptors on target cells become what in diabetes mellitus type 2
insulin resistant
when the insulin receptors on target cells become insulin resistant it requires what
more insulin to be produced by islet cells
while insulin is becoming insulin resistant, the pancreatic islet cells become what
less competent in producing insulin
diabetes mellitus is a result from
accumulation of glucose in the blood
what is crucial in managing diabetes mellitus type 2
control of blood glucose
what are causes of diabetes mellitus type 2
obesity
lack of physical activity
diets high in high-glycemic index carbohydrates
alc
high-stress lifestyle
what is named for its shape like a pinecoone
pineal gland
what is the least known endocrine gland
pineal gland
location of pineal gland
hangs from roof of 3rd ventricle in diencephalon
is the pineal gland smaller or larger in children
larger
does the pineal gland get bigger or smaller as we age
smaller
what act on hypothalamus and gonads to inhibit reproductive hormone secretion
pinealocytes
what two secretions are in the pineal gland
melatonin and arginine vasotocin
melatonin decreases what
decreases GnRH secretion
the decease of GnRH secretion does what
inhibit reproduction
melatonin does what
sleep-wake cycle by increasing tendency to sleep
melatonin production is stimulated at
night and inhibited during the day
arginine vasotocin possible inhibit
GnRH secretion
what works with melatonin in some animals
arginine vasotocin
reproductive hormones are primarily secreted from
ovaries, testes, placenta, and pituitary gland
anterior pit gland=
fsh and lh
ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
estrogen and progesterone regulate what
reproductive cycle
prep mammary gland for lactation and maintain pregnany, development of female reproductive organs and sec sex charac.
what does inhibin do in ovaries
inhibits FSH secretion thereby estrogen productioni
what does relaxin do
increase flexibility of pubis symphysis and aids in cervix dilatioin and makes birth canal larger
testes produce what
testosterone
what does testosterone do
produce sperm
sec sex charc.
maintain reproductive organs
what does inhibin do in testosterone
inhibts fsh secretion therby sperm production
placenta needs what hormone to maintain pregnancy
LH
thymus makes what
thymosin
thymosin does what
development and maturation of immune system for t lymphocyte development
adipose does what
leptin
leptin does
safety signals in hypothalamus; decreases urge to eat
GI tract makes what hormones
gastrin in stomach
secretin and CCK in intestine
gastrin
secretin
CCK do what
digestive functions
kidneys make
erythropoitin and renin
erythropoitin make
RBC
renin does what
stimulates aldosterone to raise BP
heart makes what
ANF
ANF does what
decreases Na and lower BV and BP
skin makes what hormone
cholecalciferol
cholecalciferol does what
inactive form of vit. d3-> activated in kidneys= calcitrol to keep bones strong
