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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 17 Endocrine Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Endocrine Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

prevents hormones from being broken down by hydrolytic enzymes after entering the blood stream

A

binding proteins

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2
Q

act as chaperones=

A

protect hormone and remain intact and functional when arrive at target

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3
Q

when hormones attach to binding proteins=

A

bound hormones

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4
Q

hormones bind to specific what

A

binding proteins

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5
Q

testosterone binds to

A

testosterone-binding globulin

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6
Q

progesterone bind to

A

progesterone-binding globulin

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7
Q

binding proteins reversible action is

A

detaching at target tissues

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8
Q

when binding proteins are detachs it means

A

free hormones

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9
Q

some binding proteins are always free which means

A

not having specific binding proteins

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10
Q

only free hormones can diffuse through what and bind what

A

capillary walls and bind target tissue

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11
Q

if binding proteins are bound it means it is

A

too bid to diffuse through

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12
Q

bound hormones=

A

reservoir for hormones and if hormone levels decrease, bound hormone releases from binding protein

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13
Q

what are water-soluble hormones

A

LH
TSH
ADH
PTH
insulin
EPI

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14
Q

can water-soluble hormones pass through cell membrane

A

no

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15
Q

what can water-soluble hormones travel easily in

A

the blood

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16
Q

what are lipid-soluble hormones

A

steroids- testosterone, estrogen
thyroid hormones

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17
Q

can lipid-soluble. hormones pass through cell membrane

A

yes

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18
Q

what are two classes of receptors

A

nuclear and membrane-bound

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19
Q

what receptor is bound by lipid-soluble hormones=

A

nuclear receptors

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20
Q

what receptor is bound by water-soluble hormones

A

membrane-bound receptors

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21
Q

lipid soluble hormones are small and nonpolar or large and polar

A

small and nonpolar

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22
Q

where are nucleus receptors usually found

A

in the nucleus
sometimes in cytoplasm

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23
Q

what do nuclear receptors modify

A

gene transcription

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24
Q

what do nuclear receptors stimulate

A

synthesis of new proteins

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25
Q

do nuclear receptors have a rapid effect on target cells

A

yes

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26
Q

what binds to DNA to stimulate protein synthesis

A

hormone-receptor complex

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27
Q

testosterone stimulates protein synthesis->

A

secondary sexual characteristics

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28
Q

are membrane bound receptors small or large

A

large

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29
Q

are membrane bound receptors able to pass through the plasma membrane

A

no

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30
Q

hormone- receptor complex initiates cell response bound by

A

proteins, amino acid derivatives

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31
Q

3 types of membrane-bound receptors

A
  1. ligand-gated ion channels
  2. g protein-couple receptors
  3. enzymatic receptors
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32
Q

what membrane bound receptor is bound by neurotransmitter and open gates to allow Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2 ions through

A

ligand gated ion channels

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33
Q

what is the most common membrane bound receptor

A

g protein- coupled receptors

34
Q

what membrane bound receptor does extracellular signal to intracellular signal

A

g protein coupled receptors

35
Q

what activated protein kinase in g protein couple receptors

A

cAMP

36
Q

what membrane bound receptor is linked to enzymes in target cell

A

enzymatic receptors

37
Q

examples of enzymatic receptors

A

Guanylate Cyclase Receptors, Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

38
Q

are hormone concentrations stable in the blood stream

A

yes

39
Q

what kind of hormones are more stable

A

large/ more complex

40
Q

what varies according to chemical composition

A

lifespan

41
Q

the amount of time it takes for 50% of circulating hormone to be removed from circulation and excreted, which is again variable timefrime

A

half life

42
Q

what is a 3 AA hormone that is simple with short half life and degrades quickly in circulation

A

TRH

43
Q

steroid hormone with longer half life= lipid soluble and takes longer to degrade

A

cortisol

44
Q

all hormones are destroyed in

A

circulation or by enzymes at target cell

45
Q

destruction limits the

A

time of activity

46
Q

what type of hormones have shorter half lives

A

water soluble

47
Q

water soluble hormones are quickly broken down by

A

hydrolytic enzymes in the blood

48
Q

once water soluble hormones are broken down what removes the hormone products from the blood

A

kidneys

49
Q

when else can target cells be destroyed

A

when they are internalized via endocytosis

50
Q

are parts of the hormones reused to make new proteins

A

yes

51
Q

so short half life has concentrations that change rapidly in the blood and tend to regulate what

A

activities with rapid onset and short duration

52
Q

what are three ways to prevent destruction or hormones

A
  1. have carb attached to them
  2. modified terminal end
  3. binding proteins
53
Q

when you have a carb attached to the hormone what is it now

A

glycoprotein

54
Q

when a hormone has a modified terminal end this does what

A

provided protection from protease activity which makes it last longer

55
Q

when a hormone has a binding protein this causes

A

circulation to last longer than free water-soluble hormones

56
Q

hormones specifically bind to receptor where

A

at binding site

57
Q

is there specificity in hormones

A

yes, each are designed to have a specific receptor

58
Q

example of lock and key

A

thyroid hormone binds to throid receptor not other hormone receptors due to specificity

59
Q

some hormones have what ability in regards to binding

A

they can bind to a family of receptors similar in structure with different effects

60
Q

do hormones have the same effect on different target areas

A

no different effects

61
Q

how many targets to epinephrine have

A

1

62
Q

what does epinephrine stimulate

A

smooth muscle contraction and smooth muscle relaxation in another

63
Q

receptors have a high what

A

binding affinity

64
Q

receptors have high binding affinity for what

A

hormones that bind to them

65
Q

when is small concentration affective

A

in activation of higher number of receptors

66
Q

does target tissue sensitivity of hormone levels vary

A

yes

67
Q

how do we optimize target tissue response

A

increase the number of receptors

68
Q

if there is down regulation of receptors what does this result in

A

target tissue will be desensitized

69
Q

is nutrients and energy level decreases cell is

A

unable to respond to hormone

70
Q

what is densensitization

A

it is where the number or receptors quickly drops after hormonal exposure

71
Q

target cells internalize receptors and

A

destroys them

72
Q

up-regulation of receptors does what

A

increase sensitivity

73
Q

increase sensitivity cause increase rate of

A

receptor synthesis in target cells

74
Q

the increase rate of receptor synthesis in target cells causes

A

increase in total number of receptor molecules in the cell

75
Q

what are three types of hormonal interactions

A
  1. permissive
  2. synergistic
  3. antagonistic
76
Q

Hormones help one another, otherwise weaker response by target tissue. Example: TH promotes synthesis of Epinephrine Receptors in the Heart. Need to monitor a Hyperthyroid individual.

A

permissive

77
Q

2+ synergistic hormones exert effects on target tissue. Increased response compared to 1 hormone only. Example: Reproductive Steroid hormones work with Hypothalamic hormones to lead to Synthesis of Gonad regulating Tropic Hormones (FSH, LH)

A

synergistic

78
Q

Hormones oppose one another  TIGHT regulation of a specific parameter. Example: PTH & Calcitonin regulating Blood Calcium levels. Also Insulin & Glucagon to control Blood Glucose levels.

A

antagonistic

79
Q

drugs similar in design to certain hormones compete for

A

the same receptor

80
Q

if drug binds to receptor and leads to activation it is

A

agonist

81
Q

the medication in asthma inhalers MIMIC epi which result in

A

smooth muscle in lung bronchioles to relax

82
Q

medication to prevent stroke are epi antagonist which do what

A

prevent epinephrine-stimulated platelet aggregation and prevent blood vessel bloackage

Human Structure and Function II (8 decks)

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